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Cognitive Science II
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| E.C.R | Encoding Consolidation Retrieval |
| How we think memory works | Illusion of memory Majority of people (83%) think that memory works like a video camera |
| Brewer and Treyens (1981) | Subjects in their study were led to a graduate students office and asked to wait there for a minute while the experimenter made sure the previous subject was finished. They then had to recall what they saw in the office. |
| Continuity errors | a lapse in the self-consistency of the scene or story being portrayed. |
| Change blindness blindness | are people who are blind to the extent of their own change blindness |
| This is the illusion of memory at work | Most people firmly believe that they will notice unexpected changes when in fact almost nobody does |
| Professional change detectors | In most cases, we have almost no feedback about the limits on our ability to spot changes. We are aware only of the changes we do detect, and, by definition, changes we don't notice cannot modify our beliefs |
| Illusion of Memory | When we retrieve a memory, we can falsely believe that we are fetching a record of something that happened to us rather than someone else |
| Failure of source memory | When you forget the source of your memory, but it was so vivid, that you assumed that is came from your own experience |
| Flashbulb memories (Roger Brown and James Kulik) | The details surrounding surprising and emotionally significant events are preserved in the instant they occur: Events meriting permanent storage are imprinted in the brain just as a scene is imprinted onto a film. |
| Illusion of confidence | It causes us to overestimate our own qualities, especially our abilities relative to other people the tendency to be more confident in what we know than we should be Lack of separating belief/ability from reality |
| Can we ever trust our memories? | We noted earlier that the illusion of memory does not apply equally to all memories. We are more aware of the limits on our ability to remember arbitrary facts and details, and we do not expect others to remember such details. |
| Lawson’s study | People are much better at making sense of a bicycle’s working when the thing is sitting right in front of them then they are explaining it purely from memory |
| Illusion of Knowledge | Most people think they know how a car works, but they really only know how to work a car. Convinces us that we have a deep understanding of what a project will entail, when all we really have is a rough and optimistic guess based on shallow familiarity |
| Everyday Illusion | we perceive and remember more than we do, that we’re all above average, we know more about the world and the future than is justified persistent in our thought patterns precisely because they lead us to think better of ourselves than we objectively shou |
| Positive Illusion | Can motivate us to get out of bed and optimistically take up challenges we might shrink from if we constantly had the truth about our minds in mind |
| Unskilled and Unaware of it | Kruger and Dunning showed that this unskilled-and-unaware effect can be measured in many areas besides humor, including logical reasoning and English grammar skills. It probably applies to any areas of human experience |
| Unskilled and Unaware of it pt.2 | The incompetence faces two significant hurdles. First, they are below average in ability. Second, since they don’t realize that they are below average, they are unlikely to take steps to improve their ability |
| A Crisis of Confidence | Western society places extraordinary value on individual self-confidence, a life lived without confidence is not a worthy life |
| Sometimes the Cream Doesn’t Rise to the Top | In the experiment, there was a random group of four to complete a math problem. Then there would be people who were shown these participants doing the math problem and had to make a guess who the group leader was. The group leaders proved to be no more co |
| The Trait of Confidence | People who are highly confident of their skills in one domain, such as visual perception, also tend to the highly confident of their skill in other domains, such as memory, in short, confident appears to be a consistent quality that varies from person to |
| Why David Took on Goliath | Our intuition tells us that groups should be more accurate and less overconfident than individuals. The groups were no better at solving the trivia questions than were the individuals |
| Her confidence and his convictions | Eyewitness identifications, and their confident presentation to the jury, are the main cause of over 75% of wrongful convictions that are later overturned by DNA evidence |
| There are two problems (her confidence his conviction) | - the level of confidence witnesses express depends on how mush on whether they are confident in general as on whether they are accurate in a given instance - while higher confidence is associated with higher accuracy, the association is not perfect. Hig |
| Should you be more like a weather forecaster or a hedge fund manager | One of the most intriguing questions that biologists hoped the project would answer seemed to be a simple one: How many genes are there in the human genome 40,000-100,000 |
| If expert judgments can be so misguided, the rest of us must be capable of overestimating what we know. Whenever people think they know more than they do, they are under the influence of our everyday illusion. Illusion of knowledge | |
| Tim Roberts | avoided the illusion of knowledge because he decided to take an hour out of his time to ask questions before he started coding. the other competitors went straight in and either didn’t finish on time or did it wrong. They overestimated their knowledge. |
| The Virtue of Being like an Annoying Child (Rozenblitz) | approached students in the hallways and asked them them if they knew why the sky was blue The result of this informal experiment was that people gave up (after 2 or 3 why’s) and were annoyed because they have been confronted with the gap in their knowl |
| Something more is less | By the experiment subjects who only got performance information every 5 months got more money than people who.. The most active traders received less money than the ones who received least active traders |
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Jboone02
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