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AP 2 - Book
Anatomy of Digestive System - Lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The mechanical break-down of food by large muscles of the mouth | Mastication |
| Swallowing | Deglutition |
| A rounded mass of food with soft consistency formed in the mouth before swallowing | Bolus |
| A notch created by another organ pressing on the Esophagus | Indentation |
| A narrowing of the Esophagus where it enters and exits the Thoracic Cavity | Constriction |
| Cavity or chamber that leads in or out of an organ | Antrum |
| Opening at the junction of organs | Orifice |
| Circular muscles which open and close allowing contents to enter and exit digestive organs | Sphincter |
| Partially digested liquid mass of food formed in the Stomach | Chyme |
| Longitudinal folds in the Stomach when empty | Rugae |
| Movement of digestive functions | Motility |
| Food substances are broken down into smaller particles | Mechanical breakdown |
| Forms new substances or nutrients that the body can use | Chemical breakdown |
| Mechanical rhythmic movement of food and digested food through the digestive system | Peristalsis |
| Pouches of the Large Intestine | Haustra |
| Longitudinal bands of muscles that pull the Large Intestine into pouches | Taenia Coli |
| Functions of the Digestive System: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Intake of water, vitamins, minerals, and food 2. Digestion of food to be absorbed and used by the body 3. Food is processed and indigestible substances are passed through the Large Intestine to be expelled from the body as waste |
| Components of the Digestive System: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. | 1. Oral Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine |
| Accessory Organs of the Digestive System: 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Salivary Glands 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder 4. Pancreas |
| The space between the dental arches; includes the roof and floor of the Mouth | Oral Cavity |
| Formed by the Hard and Soft Palate | Roof of the Mouth |
| Formed by the Alveolar Processes of Maxillae and Horizontal Plates of the Palatine bones and also helps form a portion of the floor of the nasal cavity. | Hard Palate |
| A moveable fold of tissue, which is suspended from the posterior portion of the Hard Palate. | Soft Palate |
| The Soft Palate forms an archway to the Pharynx with a conical process hanging downward called the _______ | Uvula |
| Function of the Salivary Glands: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Facilitates swallowing 2. Coats food with mucus to allow for easier swallowing 3. forms food into a bolus |
| Largest Salivary Gland, drained of saliva by the Stenson's Duct | Parotid Glands |
| What gland is drained of saliva by the Wharton's Duct? | Submandibular Glands |
| What gland is drained of saliva by the Bartholin's Duct? | Sublingual Glands |
| Serves as both a passageway for food and air - common to both the Digestive and Respiratory Systems | Pharynx |
| The Pharynx is situated ______ to the Cervical Spine and ______ to the Nose, Mouth and Larynx. | Anterior; Posterior |
| Where the Pharynx becomes continuous with the Esophagus | C5-C6 |
| Division of the Pharynx connecting with the Nasal Cavity and Eustachian tubes, lies behind the Nose and above the Soft Palate. | Nasopharynx |
| Division of the Pharynx that communicates with the Mouth and extends from the Soft Palate to the level of the Hyoid Bone | Oropharynx |
| Division of the Pharynx that lies posterior to the Larynx | Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx |
| Where does the Laryngopharynx extend? | From the Hyoid Bone to the level of the lower border of the Cricoid Cartilage of the Larynx (C5-C6) where it becomes continuous with the Esophagus |
| Fluids pass through the Esophagus by ______ | Gravity |
| Solids pass through the Esophagus by ______ | Peristalsis and Gravity |
| Three phases of swallowing that occur when solid food is ingested: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Buccal Phase 2. Pharyngeal Phase 3. Esophageal Phase |
| Formation of a Bolus phase of Swallowing | Buccal Phase |
| Phase of Swallowing where the Epiglottis closes over the top of the Larynx to prevent food and fluid from entering the Trachea? | Pharyngeal Phase |
| Phase of Swallowing when pressure in the Esophagus is greater than the Stomach, the Cardiac Sphincter relaxes, and permitting food and fluid to enter the Stomach? | Esophageal Phase |
| Esophagus: 1. Collapsible ___ inch long tube 2. located? 3. Extends from? | 1. 10 2. The posterior Mediastinum, behind the Larynx, Trachea and Heart 3. From the Cricoid Cartilage of the Larynx (C6) to the T10-11 vertebrae |
| Indentations along the path of the Esophagus 1. 2. | 1. At the Aortic Arch 2. Where it crosses the Left Main Stem Bronchus |
| Constrictions along the path of the Esophagus 1. 2. | 1. Where it enters the Thorax at the level of C6 Where it pierces the Diaphragm to join with the Stomach at the level of T11 |
| The opening in the Diaphragm through which the Esophagus (and Vagus Nerve) passes | Esophageal Hiatus |
| The Abdominal Esophagus is often called the ______ ______ because of its close relationship to the Heart | Cardiac Antrum |
| The opening between the distal Esophagus and the Fundus of the Stomach | Cardiac Orifice or Esophagogastric Junction |
| Circular muscles that open and close and control how much food and liquids enter the Stomach | Cardiac Sphincter |
| Most expanded dilated portion of the digestive system | Stomach |
| What is the principle organ of digestion? | The Stomach |
| What quadrant is the stomach located in? | Left Upper Quadrant |
| Partially digested food formed into a liquid mass | Chyme |
| Longitudinal folds that allow the Stomach to collapse | Rugae |
| Three main parts of the Stomach 1. 2. 3. | 1. Fundus 2. Body (Corpus) 3. Pylorus |
| expanded balloon portion of the Stomach which lies lateral and superior to the Cardiac Orifice | Fundus |
| The Fundus lies ______ to the body of the Stomach | Posterior |
| The largest, central portion of the Stomach | Body or Corpus |
| Curvature located on the lateral border of the Stomach Notch at its distal end and is also called the Sulcus Intermedius? | Greater Curvature |
| Curvature located on the medial border of the body of the Stomach, a notch at the distal end also called Incisura Angularis? | Lesser Curvature |
| The most distal portion of the Stomach | Pylorus |
| Portion leading from the body of the Stomach to the Pyloric Canal | Pyloric Antrum |
| Controls the flow of gastric contents from the Stomach to the Duodenum of the Small Intestine | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Kills bacteria that may enter the digestive tract along with food and fluid | Hydrochloric Acid |
| A backflow of Hydrochloric Acid into the Esophagus which irritates the esophageal lining and leads to symptoms of Heartburn | Gastric Esophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD) |
| an enzyme that initiates digestion of proteins by chemical means | Pepsin |
| A hormone which stimulates production of Hydrochloric Acid | Gastrin |
| A hormone released into the bloodstream to inhibit movement of the Stomach allowing for slower rate of emptying when digesting fats | Endogastrin |
| Body Habitus: Stomach located high in the abdomen, is wide and lies in a transverse plane | Hypersthenic |
| Body Habitus: Gallbladder high and located laterally in RUQ - round shaped | Hypersthenic |
| Body Habitus: Colon is high in the abdomen and extends around periphery | Hypersthenic |
| Body Habitus: Increased Motility, empties faster | Hypersthenic |
| Body Habitus: Stomach is tubular in shape, as wide above as it is below | Sthenic |
| Body Habitus: Gallbladder lies to the right, at the level of the elbow, pear shaped | Sthenic |
| Body Habitus: Colon extends around periphery | Sthenic |
| Body Habitus: Normal motility | Sthenic |
| Body Habitus: Stomach sags below the umbilicus into the Pelvic Cavity, collapsed above and expanded into a large sac below | Hyposthenic |
| Body Habitus: Gallbladder is lower in the Abdomen and closer to the Spine | Hyposthenic |
| Body Habitus: Extends around periphery, lower in abdomen with more in the Pelvic Cavity | Hyposthenic |
| Body Habitus: Moderate decreased motility, slow emptying | Hyposthenic |
| Body Habitus: Stomach long and narrow and sags near the umbilicus, lies lower in the Abdomen than Hyposthenic Stomach | Asthenic |
| Body Habitus: Gallbladder low at the level of Iliac Crest, vertical in shape and frequently lies over Spine | Asthenic |
| Body Habitus: Colon folds on self, occupying a low and medium position in the Pelvic Cavity | Asthenic |
| Body Habitus: Decreased motility, very slow | Asthenic |
| The Small Intestine extends from the _____ _____ to the ______ _____ where it joins the Large Intestine | Duodenal Bulb; Ileocecal Valve |
| Major function of the Small Intestine | Absorbs nutrients and completion of the digestive process |
| Three portions of the Small Intestine: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
| Proximal portion of the Small Intestine, located Retroperitoneal, shortest and widest portion | Duodenum |
| Forms a "C-Loop" from its connection with the Stomach to its junction with the Jejunum | Duodenum |
| Lies within the C-Loop of the Duodenum | Pancreas |
| Four parts of the Duodenum: 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Duodenal Bulb 2. Descending Duodenum 3. Transverse Duodenum 4. Ascending Duodenum |
| Superior portion of the Duodenum, connected to the Pylorus of the Stomach | Duodenal Bulb |
| Function of the Duodenum | Temporary reservoir of food and initiates the chemical and mechanical breakdown of fats |
| Chemical released into the bloodstream by the Duodenal Bulb causing the Gallbladder to contract and release bile | Cholecystokinen |
| Largest segment of the Duodenum | Descending Duodenum |
| Where the descending Duodenum receives the Common Bile Duct and Pancreatic Duct to bring bile and pancreatic enzymes to the Duodenum to aid in digestion of fats | Ampulla of Vater |
| Muscle fibers that controll the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes | Sphincter of Oddi |
| The junction where the Ascending Duodenum curves superiorly to join with the Jejunum forms a flexure called the? | Angle of Treitz |
| Middle segment of the Small Intestine which lies in the Left Upper and Lower Quadrants | Jejunum |
| Primarily responsible for the absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream | Jejunum |
| Mucosal lining of the Jejunum is thick and highly vascular, having finger-like projections (where the absorption of nutrients takes place) called _______ | Microvilli |
| Blood from the Jejunum lining travels through what to the Liver to regulate glucose levels in the blood, store vitamins and remove toxins within the blood from the nutrients? | Portal Vein |
| Distal or third portion of the Small Intestine | Ileum |
| The Ileum is the ______ segment, serving as a passageway for waste products into the _______ _______. | Longest; Large Intestine |
| The Ileum ends at the ______ ______ | Terminal Ileum (TI) |
| Flow of intestinal contents between the Ileum and Cecum is controlled by a small muscular valve called? | the Ileocecal Valve |
| Two mechanisms of Digestion: 1. 2. | 1. Mechanical 2. Chemical |
| Food substances are broken down into smaller particles by means of? | Mechanical Breakdown |
| Enzymes from the Pancreas break down food and form new substances the body can use by means of? | Chemical breakdown |
| Food substances are broken down by the teeth into smaller particles | Mastification |
| The act of swallowing is called? | Deglutition |
| The involuntary action that moves the contents along the Digestive Tract | Peristalsis |
| The churning of the stomach with gastric juices forms? | Chyme |
| Bile is mixed with fat to break it down into ______ | Globules |
| Waste products are eliminated by peristalsis through the ______ ______ | Large Intestine |
| Digested in the Mouth, Stomach and Small Intestine | Carbohydrates |
| The Product of Carbohydrates broken down | Glucose and Glycogen (Simple Sugars) |
| Where are proteins digested? What is the product of digested proteins? | Stomach and Small Intestine; Amino Acids |
| Where are Fats digested? What is the producted of digested Fats? | Small Intestine; Fatty Acids and Glycerol (which are absorbed in the Lymphatic System) |
| _______ and _______ mechanisms are needed to break down fats in the Small Intestine | Mechanical and Chemical |
| Forms an arch around the periphery of the Abdominal Cavity, surrounding the Small Intestine | Large Intestine |
| Large Intestine extends from the ______ to the ______ | Cecum to the Anus |
| Entire surface of the Large Intestine is pulled into pouches called? | Haustra |
| The Haustra is formed by three longitudinal bands of muscles called? | Taenia Coli |
| Functions of the Large Intestine: 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Elimination of waste produced in the process of digestion 2. Absorption of Water 3. Absorption of Vitamins K, B, and Amino Acids 4. Absorption of Inorganic Salts |
| Divisions of the Large Intestine in order: | Cecum → Ascending Colon → Right Hepatic Colic Flexure → Transverse Colon → Left Splenic Colic Flexure → Descending Colon → "S"igmoid Colon → Rectum → Anus |
| Largest expanded portion of the Large Intestine | Cecum |
| The Cecum joins the Ileum at the ______ ______ | Ileocecal Valve |
| What is attached at the Posterior medial portion of the Cecum? | The Appendix |
| A blind pouch, with only one opening which cannot empty itself, if infectious agents enter, can become inflamed resulting in Appendicitis. | Appendix |
| Flexure located in the RUQ of the Large Intestine | Right Colic Hepatic Flexure |
| Located in the LUQ of the Large Intestine | Left Splenic Colic Flexure |
| The Descending Colon Joins with the ______ _____ in the Left Lower Quadrant of the Abdomen | Sigmoid Colon |
| The "S" Shaped segment in the Pelvic segment of the Large Intestine | Sigmoid Colon |
| Distal portion of the Large Intestine | Rectum |
| Final 3 cm of the Rectum, terminates at an external opening called the _____. | Rectal Canal; Anus |
| Double-walled membranous sac lining the Abdominal Cavity | Peritoneum |
| Space between the double Peritoneal and Visceral layers of the Peritoneum | Peritoneal Cavity |
| Internal lining of the Peritoneum which adheres to the Organs | Visceral Peritoneum (encloses organs and provides protection and support) |
| A double fold of Peritoneum extending anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall, to hold the loops of the Small Intestine in place | Mesentery |
| A specific type of double-fold Peritoneum extending from the Stomach to other organs | Omentum |
| Peritoneum that attaches the Transverse Colon to the Posterior Abdominal wall | Transverse Mesocolon |
| Outer lining which adheres to the Abdominal and Pelvic walls and underside of the Diaphragm | Parietal Peritoneum |
| Abdominal Cavity Organs - SL SL GASP-K: | Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Liver Gallbladder Adrenal Glands Spleen Pancreas Kidney |
| Pelvic Cavity Organs - SLURR: | Sigmoid Colon Large Intestine Urinary Bladder Reproductive Organs Rectum |
| Organs which lie behind the Peritoneum, Retroperitoneal - Pa Pa M. Duk | Proximal Rectum Ascending and Descending Colon Pancreas Adrenal Glands Major Blood Vessels; Abdominal Aorta, Inferior Vena Cava Duodenum Ureters Kidneys |
| Organs which lie within the true Pelvis, Infraperitoneal - DUR: | Distal Rectum Urinary Bladder Reproductive Organs |
Created by:
teresachristensen
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