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1.11
hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hormones are | messenger molecules |
| peptide/amino acid derived hormones have a | fast response |
| Steroid hormones have a | slow response |
| hypothalamic hormones | TRH, CRH, SST, GHRH, GnRH & DA |
| pituitary gland has two lobes: | Anterior (APH) and Posterior |
| APH: TSH stimulates _________ to produce _________ | thyroid, thyroid hormone |
| APH: ACTH stimulates ________ to produce __________ | adrenal cortex, corticosteroids (aldosterone and cortisol) |
| APH: FSH stimulates _________ and __________ production | follicle growth, ovarian estrogen |
| APH: FSH stimulates ____________ and ______________ | sperm production, androgen-binding protein |
| APH: LH has a role in ____________ and growth of _________________ | ovulation, corpus luteum |
| APH: LH stimulates ______________ by interstitial cells in testes | androgen secretion |
| APH: GH (somatotropic hormone) stimulates __________ and body to _________________ | growth of skeletal epiphyseal plates, synthesize protein |
| APH: PRL stimulates ________ in breast to __________ | mammary glands, make milk |
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones (PPH) are stored and secreted into circulation in response to _________ | stimuli |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates ______ to ________ from urine | kidneys, reclaim more water (more blood volume, increase blood pressure) |
| Oxytocin promotes contraction of smooth muscle in reproductive tracts. In females it initiates ________ from breasts | ejection of milk |
| feedback control of endocrine secretion (stimulation) | RH --> anterior pituitary --> hormone 1 --> endocrine organ --> hormone 2 --> target cells |
| Feedback control of endocrine secretion (inhibition) | once system gets to hormone 2, it inhibits the anterior pituitary and the RHs |
| Tertiary Dysfunction | CRH levels: high ACTH levels: high Cortisol levels: high location: hypothalamus negative feedback fails |
| Secondary Dysfunction | CRH levels: low ACTH levels: high Cortisol levels: high location: Anterior Pituitary Cortisol and ACTH inhibit CRH |
| Primary Dysfunction | CRH levels: low ACTH levels: low Cortisol levels: high location: Adrenal Cortex cortisol inhibits ACTH and CRH |
| GH deficiency and treatment: GH & IGF-1 preparations indicated for | replacement of GH in children that have short stature |
| Growth Hormone's regulation: inhibitory | SST inhibits Growth Hormone and IGF-1 negative feedback loop |
| Growth Hormones regulation: activation | GHRH and Ghrelin activate Growth Hormone |
| Growth Hormone Effects: IGF-1 | aka somatomedin C mediates effects of GH |
| Drug: GH preparations (somatropin): Dosing | dosing by weight |
| Drug: GH preparations (sompatropin): Monitoring | measuring IGF-1 levels monitored every 3-4 months by xray assess epiphyseal status every year measure height and weight monthly |
| Drug: GH (sompatropin)- adverse effects | hypothyroidism may develop increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus scoliosis or slipped epiphyses (too rapid growth) development of antibodies dose-dependent arthralgia (joint pain) and myalgia (muscle pain) |
| Drug: Mecasermin (INCRELEX) | Recombinant Human IGF-1 used in children with growth failure |
| Drug: Mecasermin (INCRELEX) ADR | similar to GH preparations lipohypertrophy hypoglycemia |
| Growth hormone excess: Gigantism | GH excess in patients with unfused epiphyses (end of a bone) cause increased longitudinal growth (gigantism) |
| Growth hormone excess: Acromegaly | GH excess after closure of epiphyses causes acromegaly doesnt increase linear growth results in enlargement of hands, feet, facial bones, heart/liver |
| Drug: Somatostatin | Treats GH excess inhibits GH release |
| Drug: Somatostatin Analogues | MOA: AGONIST at SST receptors |
| Drug: Somatostatin Analogues ADRs | gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort Gallstones |
| Drug: Pegvisomant (SOMAVERT) | treats GH excess MOA: GH receptor ANTAGONIST |
| Drug: Pegvisomant (SOMAVERT) ADRs | development of antibodies |
| Prolactin (PRL) binds to receptors on breasts. It is responsible for: | milk formation |
| prolactin results in ____ | synthesis of milk proteins and enzymes required for synthesis of lactose |
| Prolactin levels are increase by: | dopamine ANTAGONISTS |
| Prolactin levels are inhibited by: | dopamine AGONISTS |
| Prolactin activator drugs: (2) | Antagonists: haloperidol and chlorpromazine |
| Prolactin inhibitor drugs (2) | agonists: bromocriptine (PARLODEL) and Cabergoline (DOSTINEX) |
| Gonadotropins: FSH, LH/hCG | produced by gonadotrope cells of pituitary hormones bind to receptors in ovary and testes |
| Gonadotropins: FSH, LH/hCG under feed back control by: | plasma levels of sex steroids |
| Gonadotropins: difference between LH and hCG | hCG is not a pituitary hormone it is a placental protein nearly identical to LH-same effects as LH |
| _________ inhibits pituitary FSH | Inhibin |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males promotes | spermatogenesis |
| FSH in males increases synthesis of: | androgen-binding protein |
| FSH in males stimulates conversion of _______ to ________ in Sertoli cells | testosterone to estrogen |
| FSH in females promotes: | growth of ovarian follicles |
| FSH in females stimulates: | estrogen release |
| FSH in females stimulates conversion of ______ to _______ in granulosa cells | androgens to estrogens |
| FSH in females induces expression of which receptors? | LH receptors |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males: | produces testosterone |
| LH in females stimulates ____________ synthesis: | ovulation and progesterone synthesis |
| LH in females stimulates ovarian thecal cells to: | produce androgens |
| LH in females maintains: | corpus luteum (hormone secreting structure that develops in an ovary) |
| Diagnostic uses of gonadotropin step 1: | pregnancy detection kit detection of urine hCG using antibodies against hCG |
| Diagnostic uses of gonadotropin step 2: | predicting time of ovulation measures urinary LH using LH-specific antibodies |
| Diagnostic uses of gonadotropin step 3: | measure FSH and LH in serum to distinguish primary or secondary hypogonadism low/undetectable levels indicate secondary disease high levels suggest primary disease |
| Drug: Menotropin (REPRONEX, MENOPUR) | gonadotropin preparation postmenopausal women |
| Therapeutic uses of gonadotropins: use 1 | ***treatment of female infertility induce ovulation in women with infertility due to pituitary or hypothalamic insufficiency ART procedure controlled ovarian hyperstimulation |
| Therapeutic uses of gonadotropins: use 2 | treatment of male infertility (hypogonadotropic men) |
| Effects of chronic exposure to GnRH and GnRH agonists over time: | downregulation of GnRH receptors desensitizes the gonadotrope cells leads to decreased secretion of FSH and LH and gonadal steroids |
| GnRH agonist leuprolide indication: | endometriosis and advanced prostate cancer |
| GnRH agonist Nafarelin indication: | endometriosis |
| GnRH agonist's ADRs for endometriosis treatment | ovarian cysts and breakthrough bleeding decrease in bone density hot flashes, decrease libido, vaginal dryness, headache and mood changes |
| GnRH agonist's ADRs for prostate cancer | gonadal deficiency |
| very rare but serious GnRH agonist's ADRs | pituitary apoplexy syndrome (hemorrhage in pituitary gland) |
| GnRH antagonist: Ganirelix (ANTAGON) treats: | female infertility (undergoing ART) |
| GnRH antagonist: Degarelix (FIRMAGON) treats: | prostate cancer |
| GnRH antagonist MOA: | competitively blocks GnRH receptors works faster than a GnRH agonist |
Created by:
megangodfrey97
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