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AP 2 - Book
Contrast Procedures - Lecture 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The reduction of radiation as it passes through matter | Attenuation |
| More x-rays are absorbed (attenuated) by structures with ______ atomic numbers, resulting in ______ radiation reaching the Image Receptor. | high; less |
| The atomic number of the organs of the Digestive, Biliary, Urinary, and Cardiovascular Systems? | Approximately 7.4 |
| The degree of differential absorption resulting in differing absorption characteristics in the body | Subject Contrast |
| Organs within the Digestive, Biliary, and Urinary Systems and the blood vessels of the Cardiovascular System are said to have _______ subject contrast | Low |
| Differences in density between two adjacent areas on a radiographic image | Radiographic Contrast |
| Tissue density is determined by the ______ ______ of the structure | Atomic Number |
| What contrast media is radiolucent and appears black on an image? | Negative Contrast Media |
| Negative Contrast Media has a ______ atomic number resulting in more radiation reaching the Image Receptor | Low |
| Most common Negative Contrast Media? | Room Air |
| Negative Contrast Media gases: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Nitrous Oxide |
| Positive Contrast Media have ______ atomic numbers, resulting in ______ radiation reaching the Image Receptor | high; less |
| What contrast media is radiopaque and will appear white on an image? | Positive Contrast Media |
| Two types of Positive Contrast Media: 1. 2. | 1. Barium Sulfate 2. Water Soluble Iodinated |
| Barium Sulfate contains the element Barium, a heavy metal having what atomic number? | 56 |
| When Barium is combined with _______ and _______ it forms the inert compound Barium Sulfate, abbreviated as _______ | Oxygen; Sulfate; BaS04 |
| Barium Sulfate (BaS04) is a ______ ______ | Metallic Salt |
| Characteristics of Barium Sulfate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. | 1. Administered either orally or rectally 2. Used only in Gastrointestinal System 3. When mixed with water forms a colloidal suspension 4. Paste, liquid, and tablet form 5. High kV must be used for Barium exams in order to penetrate the Barium Sulfate |
| Thick Barium Sulfate contains ______ parts BaS04 to ______ part water | 3-4; 1 |
| Thick Barium Sulfate is used for ______ and ______, it allows for better coating of the mucosal lining. | Esophogram and ACBE |
| Thin Barium Sulfate contains ______ part BaS04 to ______ part water | 1; 1 |
| Does Barium Sulfate have low or high toxicity and what does it provide an excellent demonstration of? | low; mucosal lining of the GI Tract |
| What Barium is combined with negative contrast agents (room air) what effect is created on an image? | Double-Contrast effect |
| Because one of the functions of the Large Intestine is to absorb water, what is a possible complication of Barium Sulfate? | Bowel impaction |
| What precautionary steps can be taken to avoid an bowel impaction after a patient has an exam using Barium Sulfate? | Drink fluids and use a laxative if necessary |
| Contraindications of Barium Sulfate: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Suspected GI or bowel perforation 2. Pre-surgery 3. Post-surgery |
| Atomic number of Iodine | 53 |
| When and where is Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media used? | All systems of the body including Digestive, when Barium Sulfate is contraindicated. |
| Advantages of Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Mixes readily with blood and body fluids 2. absorbed and excreted by the kidneys through the Circulatory System 3. Come in variety of concentrations depending on % of iodine solution |
| What in Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media affects the ability of the Contrast to absorb x-ray photons? | Iodine Content |
| The number of particles in a solution | Osmolality |
| The ________ of a contrast media is directly related to the occurrence of adverse reactions | Osmality |
| The higher the osmality, the ______ the chance for an adverse contrast media reaction | Greater |
| The total % of salts in a solution (water-soluble contrast media) | Concentration |
| Measures the resistance of the fluid to flow | Viscosity |
| How is viscosity (the resistance of the fluid to flow) determined? | the number of particles in solution and the attraction between these particles |
| What is done to contrast media to reduce viscosity, making it easier to inject? | it is frequently warmed to body temperature |
| the majority of reactions from Contrast Media will occur how quickly? | within the first 5 minutes |
| The majority of adverse reactions from contrast media are from? | Intravenous injections |
| The Two types of Water-Soluble Contrast Media | Ionic and Non-Ionic |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media that forms chemical bonds in the body | Ionic |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media that does not form chemical bonds in the body | Non-Ionic |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media reaction: Nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in mouth, hot flashes | Mild reaction |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media reaction: Urticaria (hives), wheezing, hypotension, tachychardia, facial edema | Moderate reaction |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media reaction: Anaphylactic Shock, Respiratory distress, Respiratory Arrest, Cardiac Arrest | Severe Reaction |
| Water-Soluble Contrast Media used almost exclusively because of lower toxicity | Non-Ionic |
| Three routes of Administration: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Oral 2. Intravascular 3. Direct Injection |
| 2 different ways to introduce Contrast Media the Intravascular route? | Intravenous and Intra-arterial |
| Patient Assessment asked prior to intravenous/intra-arterial injection of Water-Soluble Contrast Media 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Allergies to food/medications 2. History of Asthma 3. History of any previous iodinated contrast reactions 4. History of Cardiac or Renal impairment |
| Contraindications to Water-Soluble Contrast Media: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. | 1. Allergy/Hypersensitivity to Iodine 2. Anuria 3. High Creatinine level 4. Renal Disease 5. Congestive Heart failure 6. Severe dehydration |
| A chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism; increases in the blood with kidney failure | Creatinine |
| Laboratory test used to check how well the kidneys are working; calculated by using the Creatinine level along with Age, Gender, and Race? | Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
| Urea, a metabolic by product which can build up if Kidney function is impaired is called? | BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) |
| Drug in combination with Contrast Media that can cause contrast media induced Acute Renal Failure: must be withheld ______ hours after a contrast procedure and resumed only if Kidney function is within normal limits. | Metformin |
| AP 2 - Book Contrast Procedures - Lecture One |
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teresachristensen
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