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Myers Module 21
Information Processing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |
| Encoding | getting information into our brain; the processing of information into the memory system |
| Storage | retaining the information; the retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | getting the information back out of the brain; the process of getting info out of memory storage |
| Sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
| Long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience |
| Working memory | short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory. |
| Automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and of well learned information, such as word meaning |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; produces durable and accessible memories. |
| Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain in consciousness or to encode it |
| Spacing effect | stud distributed over time gives a better long term retention than quick, mass study. |
| Serial position effect | our tendency to recall the first and last items on a list the best |
| Imagery | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with sematic encoding. |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically. |
| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 2 or 4 seconds. |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory |
| Implicit Memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall and “know”. |
| Hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test. |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
| Relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
| Déjà vu | cues from current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| Mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood. |
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tpetrali
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