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Chaper 9 Vocabulary

Psychology Learning: Principles and Applications

TermDefinition
Classical Conditioning learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Process a series of actions or operations directed toward a specific end.
Neutral Stimulus a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training.
Unconditioned Response (UR) an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR) the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
Generalization responding similarily to a range of similar stimuli.
Discrimination the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.
Extinction the gradual dissapearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Demonstrate to show something clearly by giving evidence.
Operant Conditioning learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurence.
Affected influenced or changed by a set of consequences.
Reinforcement stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
Primary Reinforcer stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water.
Secondary Reinforcer stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer.
Obtain to get possesion of something, especially by making an effort or having the necessary qualifications.
Shaping technique in which the desired behavior is "modeled" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.
Response Chain learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next.
Aversive Control process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli.
Negative Reinforcement increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs.
Escape Conditioning training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus.
Avoidance Conditioning training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurence of an unpleasant stimulus.
Social Learning process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Cognitive Learning form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation.
Involve to contain or include something as a necessary element.
Cognitive Map a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events.
Latent Learning alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior.
Learned Helplessness condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.
Modeling learning by imitating others; copying behavior.
Token Economy conditioning in which desirable beavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.
Alleviate to ease or lessen pain or hardship.
Created by: sh220658
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