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Chaper 9 Vocabulary
Psychology Learning: Principles and Applications
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Process | a series of actions or operations directed toward a specific end. |
| Neutral Stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training. |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. |
| Generalization | responding similarily to a range of similar stimuli. |
| Discrimination | the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. |
| Extinction | the gradual dissapearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Demonstrate | to show something clearly by giving evidence. |
| Operant Conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurence. |
| Affected | influenced or changed by a set of consequences. |
| Reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
| Primary Reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water. |
| Secondary Reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer. |
| Obtain | to get possesion of something, especially by making an effort or having the necessary qualifications. |
| Shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is "modeled" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward. |
| Response Chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next. |
| Aversive Control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli. |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. |
| Escape Conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus. |
| Avoidance Conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurence of an unpleasant stimulus. |
| Social Learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others. |
| Cognitive Learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation. |
| Involve | to contain or include something as a necessary element. |
| Cognitive Map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events. |
| Latent Learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior. |
| Learned Helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. |
| Modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior. |
| Token Economy | conditioning in which desirable beavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards. |
| Alleviate | to ease or lessen pain or hardship. |
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