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Elliots test 2
history and systems
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Rationalists | believe that mental operations must be employed before knowledge can be attained. The validity and invalidity can be determined by apply rules of logic. The mind must actively transform sensory info before it is attained. |
Empiricists | maintains that the primary source of all knowledge is sensory observation/experience. Belief that sensory knowledge is the basis of all knowledge. |
Associationism | the view that interprets higher mental processes as resulting from combinations of sensory and or mental elements. |
materialists | attempt to explain everything in physical terms, so even the so-called mental events are ultimately explained by the laws of physics or chemistry. |
mechanism | the behavior of all organisms, including humans, can be explained in the same was that behavior of any machine can be explained. |
James mill's view of mental mechanics | idea's come from the notion that complex ideas are always aggregates of simple ideas. |
Mental chemistry | J.S mills term to describe the process by which individual sensations can combine to form a new sensation that is different from any of the individual sensation that constitute it. |
Hedonism | the doctrine that behavior is motivated by the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain. |
Positivism | the contention that science should study ONLY that which can be directly experienced. |
Monads | the invisible units that comprise everything in the universe |
Limen | for leibniz and herbart it describes the border between the conscious and unconscious mind. |
romanticism | philosophy that stresses the uniqueness of each person and that values irrationality much more than rationality |
existentialism | the philosophy that examines the meaning of life and stresses the freedom that humans have to choose their own destiny |
enlightenment | a period which western philosophy embraced the belief that unbiased reason of the objective methods of science could reveal the principles governing the universe |
Just noticeable difference | the smallest amount that must be added to or subtracted from a stimulus before it is judged to be greater or less than a standard stimulus |
two point threshold | the smallest distance between two points of stimulation at which the 2 points are experienced as two points rather than as one point |
absolute threshold | the smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected by an organism. |
Webner | using the 2 point threshold and the JND, he was the first to demonstrate systematic relationships between physical stimulation and perception |
Volition | the act of willing, choosing, deciding |
voluntarism | the belief that people could direct their attention by exercising their will |
Introspection | for wundt, it was the self-observation to study the basic mental processes involved in immediate experience. |
mental chronometry | the measurement of the time required to perform various mental acts. |
creative synthesis | the arrangement and rearrangement of mental elements that can result from apperception |
volkerpsychologie | group or culture psychology. investigated higher mental processes, used to study culture, lang., religion, art, and morals |
heuristic value | helping to discover or learn; guiding or furthering investigation |
structuralism | founded by titchener, the goal was of which was to describe the structure of the mind. |
British empiricists | maintain that the source of all knowledge is sensory observation/experience. |
Common assumptions held by most empiricists | A. associationism is a major mechanism through which we learn/gain knowledge B. deny innate ideas related to nativism/empiricism controversy.(hobbes,locke,mill, and JS mill believed this) C. most ideas come from sensory experience |
Locke. | his ideas come from sensation and reflection. Content is passive but the operation is active. |
James Mill. | mental mechanics. Sensory info comes in and it leaves something behind. |
J.S Mill. | he proposed mental chemistry, chemicals go together and come up with something new. Creativity, but still a passive process |
passive mind. | mind acts on sensations and ideas in an automatic/mechanical way, it receives and stores info from the senses |
utilitarianism | belief that the best society or government is on that provides the greatest good for the greatest # of people |
comte's views on science & psych | science has to be publicly observable, overt behavior, can be trusted. Introspective analysis of mind cant be publicly observed. He thinks psychology cant be a science. He is similar to bacon. |
Leibniz | firm believer in god and math. Highly active mind, no ideas come from experience. The potential to have an idea is innate, but the idea itself is not innate. Monadology, life exists everywhere even if you cant see it. |
Comte | positivism, avoid thoughts, and introspection |
petite perceptions | perceptions that occur below the level of awareness |
apperception | conscious experience of awareness |
law of contiguity | no major gaps or leaps in nature, rather, all differences in nature are characterized by small gradations |
Limen | german rationalist, says you can study animals to learn about humans, threshold. |
Faculty psychologists | group of psychologists who refer to mental abilities of their discussion of the mind. |
David Hume | scottish, nothing can be known with certainty because all knowledge is based on subjective experience. |
Kant | rationalist, wanted to prove hume wrong, some truths are certain. Apriori are truths you are born with. Sensory experience is important but we have an innate thing to organize thoughts- active mind. |
Categories of thought | innate attributes of the mind postulated to explain subjective experience we have that cant be explained in terms of sensory experience alone. |
categorical imperative | deals with morality and motivation |
Kant's view of psych as a science | can never become an experiment science. 1. mind cant be objectively studied because its not a physical thing 2.math couldnt be applied to it, reaction time studies. |
Hebart | german rationalist, psych can never be a science because it means dividing the mind up and the mind acts as a whole, believes mind can be expressed with math. |
Apperceptive mass | contains all ideas which are attending. A cluster of irrelated ideas of which are conscious at any given moment. |
Hebarts contributions | psych can be a mathematical science, enlarged devel. of experimental psych, influence freud, limen-influences on psychphysicists, and wundt |
Example of INDV. differences | Hit the desk when lights go out, everyone hit the desk at different paces. Reasons: ability to sense it/process it and motor-reaction |
Bessell | comes along and says the error in if one person is faster than another is not due to incompetence, but individual differences |
physiologists | study relationships between sensory stimulation (external/objective) and perception (internal/subjective) |
Bell Magendie Law | two types of nerves: 1. sensory- sends receptors up to the brain 2. motor- from brain to muscles, glands, etc.- movements. One of the first accurate scientific explanations. |
Johannes Muller | thinks we are conscious of perceptions, not of physical reality, CNS is not just a physical stimulus, not just impacted by world but also how we sense it in our brain |
Doctrine of specific nerve energies | types of sensory nerves each nerve responds in its characteristic way no matter how its stimulated. |
Helmholtz | all behavior is causes by external stimulation, mechanist say nothing mysterious about life-we are like a machine. Says we can measure nerve conduction to test, did experiment with frog |
Frog experiment | done by helmholtz- zapped frog legs to see how long it took for muscle to react. |
Helmholtz contributions | 1. nerve transmission is not instantaneous yet, it was slow and measurable.. measure and apply math and can be a science. 2. influenced physics, chemistry, psychology, and physiology together, paved the way for experimental psych. |
Early research on brain functioning did what? | 1. emphasized importance of brain and relationship between mind and brain 2. study of mind more scientific 3. raised question of brain localization |
Gall | phrenologist, first to suggest relationship between brain development and mental functioning. |
Gall's specific claims | 1. faculties reside in specific locations of the brain-brain localization 2. humans possess faculties to different degrees-innate. 3. if given ability we are well developed- bump on your head. |
Contributions of phrenology | 1. mind and brain are related 2.brain localization 3. stimulated a lot of research 4. importance of practical info. |
ablation studies | kill parts of your brain to see what happens |
Fechner | understand relationship between mind and body. 1. absolute threshold- can predicte JND 2. differential threshold- basically JND |
psychophysics | study of relationship between physical events and psych events. Physics-psychophysics-experimental psych |
Webner | kinesthesis muscle with JND, relative difference between two weights, not on absolute difference. |
Aesthesiometer | 2 point threshold. Lawful relationship between physical stimulus and our mental perception of it. Mental event, very systematically with physical event |
example of absolute threshold | box with lights inside, lights dim, not exactly realizing the stimulation, as the light gets brighter you realize it easier |
Why is absolute threshold important | showing some sensation we arent aware of, that eventually you will be aware, you can predict when you will perceive as light goes up. 1. perception of sensory stimuli can be measured. 2. sensation and perception are related in mathematical way |
differential threshold | JND, how much a stimulus magnitude needs to be increases or decreased before a change can be detected |
Fechners contributions | 1. created field of psychophysics 2. made it possible to scientifically study mental events, like webner-mathematically measure systematic/lawful relationships. Mind/consciousness can be measured 3. now, psych can become a science |
Wundt | founder of experimental psych. Wrote book called For a new discipline, separate from physiology. He was a lazy and shy boy. He studies with muller and helmholtz. Had the first psych lab and first to publish exp. psych journal. Hated british empiricists. |
Wundt's experimental introspection | human consciousness using introspection physiologists and psychophysics. 2 ways of studying basic/simple mental element ideas. 1. reaction time studies, 2. psychophysics/introspection |
Wundt's views on whether psych could become an exp. science | 1. simple mental processes/ideas-basic element of thought) sensation and perception 2. higher mental processes/higher ideas (complex elements of thought) |
Wundt's 2 major goals for psych | 1. discover basic elements of thought, sensation and feeling (external stimuli)(internal stimuli) Passive 2. to discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more complex thoughts |
Titchener | student of wundt, was an empiricist, ignored more complex variables of wundts work. Structuralism, periodic table of mental elements. Opposed to applied research and practical knowledge. Mistanslated wundts work. Agrees with positivists |
Wundt's contributions | 1. founder of modern exp. psych, separate discipline 2. 1879- 1st exp. psych lab 3. 1st journal in exp. psych 4. trained many people 5. data- held up well |
Titchener's use of introspection | stimulous error- letting past experience influence an introspective report. (naming, function. Wants to get basic elements, very simple. Should study immediate experience and consciousness. |
Titchener's 3 goals for psych | 1. discover basic elements of though 2. discover the law by which mental events/elements combine 3. wanted to understand neuophysiological correlates of mental experience |
Titchener's structuralism and contributions | 1. scientifically study of mind and how mind and body are related. 2. dominant theory- everyone after him has to respond/comment on it 3. largest doctoral program 4. mistranslated wundt |
Major criticisms of structuralism | 1. unreliability of introspection, not observable 2. ignored some other important developments such as; study of animals, abnormal behavior, child psych, personality differences, and refused practical knowledge, unwilling to recognize theory of evolution |
Ebbinghaus | german rationalist, impressed with fechners work, systematically and exp. stud learning and memory, first to study higher mental experiences exp., nonsense syllables, and came up with the 2nd exp journal. |