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Unit 6 Dev Psych
Physical, Cognitive and Social Changes Infancy, Childhood, Adulthood
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |
| nature-nurture issue | the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
| change and Stability | In what ways do we change as we age, and in what ways do we stay the same |
| continuity and stages | What parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder |
| Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking |
| newborn reflexes | inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with |
| rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth |
| Moro reflex | when startled, baby will fling their limbs out and then retract them |
| Babinski reflex | when a baby's foot is stroked, they will spread out their toes |
| longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
| cross-sectional study | research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time |
| infancy | the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
| childhood | the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
| Jean Piaget | Known for his Four stage theory of cognitive development; believed a child's cognitive development resulted in their interaction with their physical environment |
| accommodation | adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
| assimilation | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
| concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
| Egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
| theory of mind | an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own |
| conservation concept | the idea that changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the properties |
| object permanence | awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not seen or perceived |
| Lev Vygotsky | most famous for social development theory (of child cognitive development); believed interaction a child has with social environment is important to cognitive development |
| zone of proximal development | In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors |
| attachment | the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual |
| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
| Harry and Margaret Harlow | Psychologists associated with the study of contact comfort. |
| critical period | an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development |
| Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
| strange situation | a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
| Mary Ainsworth | studied how different attachment styles affected kids |
| secure attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened |
| insecure attachment | Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation |
| anxious attachment | attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence. an insecure attachment style |
| avoidance attachment | A style of attachment in which children act as if they are unconcerned about being separated from their mothers- These children may be showing the effects of repeated rejections in the past |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| basic trust | a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy |
| Erik Erikson | Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development |
| self-concept | our understanding and evaluation of who we are |
| strange situation | a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
| Mary Ainsworth | studied how different attachment styles affected kids |
| secure attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened |
| insecure attachment | Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation |
| anxious attachment | attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence. an insecure attachment style |
| avoidance attachment | A style of attachment in which children act as if they are unconcerned about being separated from their mothers- These children may be showing the effects of repeated rejections in the past |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| basic trust | a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy |
| Erik Erikson | Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development |
| self-concept | our understanding and evaluation of who we are |
| authoritarian parenting | style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child |
| permissive parenting | A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior. |
| authoritative parenting | parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making |
| negligent parenting | parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children. |
| object permanence | the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view |
| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
| puberty | Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction |
| Frontal lobe development | It is the last part of the brain to undergo myelination, during adolescence there is a second burst of cortical grey matter. |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment |
| preconventional morality | Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. |
| conventional morality | By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. |
| post conventional morality | adolescence and beyond; actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles |
| moral intuition | quick gut feelings that precede moral reasoning |
| identity | our sense of self |
| social identity | the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category |
| emerging adulthood | a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner |
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt | Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise their own will and to do things independently |
| Initiative vs. Guilt | Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities |
| Competence vs. Inferiority | elementary school (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior |
| identity vs. role confusion | Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation | Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families |
| Generativity vs. Stagnation | Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential, provide something of value |
| integrity vs despair | Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives |
| Telomeres | DNA at the tips of chromosomes |
| neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) | acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse; formerly called dementia |
| Alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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