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PSY 111 MIDTERM

QuestionAnswer
Sensation concept Process by which the sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception concept Process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events
absolute thresholds the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Priming the activation, often unconsciously, of associations in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive, remember, or respond to objects or events in certain ways.
sensory adaptation reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation
eye anatomy cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, fovea, blind spot, optic nerve
Classical conditioning a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
operant conditioning One learns to associate an action and its consequence
four operant conditioning contingencies Positive Reinforcement- add a desirable stimulus Negative Reinforcement-remove aversive stimulus Positive Punishment- administer an aversive stimulus Negative Punishment-withdraw a rewarding stimulus
latent learning the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information.
cognitive behaviorism (marshmallow test and Christianity-know well) • Cognitive Competencies • Self-Encoding (info about self) • Expectancies • Values • Goals and Plans • Self-Control Strategies/ Delayed Gratification
Motivational theories (3) Drive-reduction theory- psychological needs create aroused state that drives us to reduce the need Arousal theory- need to maintain arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need Maslow's hierarchy of needs- survival needs then social needs
hunger physiology Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" Orexin: secreted by hypothalamus. Insulin: Hormone secreted by pancreas Leptin: Protein hormone secreted by fat cells PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry"
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Schachter and Singer's theory that to experience emotion we must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. arousal + label = emotion
Zajonc; Ledoux Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal. : We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.
Lazarus theory Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")-sometimes without our awareness-defines emotion. : The sound is "just the wind."
Psychodynamic theory theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
Neo-Freudian theories
humanistic theories Focus on ways healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization
trait theories Scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism).
NEO Big five openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Christian worldview and humanistic theory Focus on ways healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization
bottom up/top down Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes (down to sensory receptors)
partial reinforcement schedules Results in slower acquisition and greater resistance to extinction
Created by: AC*
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