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Chapter 6 Key Terms
Learning Key Terms / Openstax Psychology 2e
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acquisition | period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response |
| associative learning | form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior |
| cognitive map | mental picture of the layout of the environment |
| conditioned response (CR) | response caused by the conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| continuous reinforcement | rewarding a behavior every time it occurs |
| extinction | decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus |
| fixed interval reinforcement schedule | behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time |
| fixed ratio reinforcement schedule | set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded |
| higher-order conditioning (also, second-order conditioning) | using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus |
| instinct | unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans |
| latent learning | learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it |
| law of effect | behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged |
| learning | change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of of experience |
| model | person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning) |
| negative punishment | taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior |
| negative reinforcement | taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | stimulus that does not initially elicit a response |
| observational learning | type of learning that occurs by watching others |
| operant conditioning | form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated |
| partial reinforcement | rewarding behavior only some of the time |
| positive punishment | adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior |
| positive reinforcement | adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior |
| primary reinforcer | has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex) |
| punishment | implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior |
| radical behaviorism | staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations |
| reflex | unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment |
| reinforcement | implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior |
| secondary reinforcer | has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips) |
| shaping | rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior |
| spontaneous recovery | return of a previously extinguished conditioned response |
| stimulus discrimination | ability to respond differently to similar stimuli |
| stimulus generalization | demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | stimulus that elicits a reflexive response |
| variable interval reinforcement schedule | behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed |
| variable ratio reinforcement schedule | number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded |
| vicarious punishment | process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior |
| vicarious reinforcement | process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior |
Created by:
SraBelanger
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