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Chapter 6 Key Terms

Learning Key Terms / Openstax Psychology 2e

TermDefinition
acquisition period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
associative learning form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
classical conditioning learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
cognitive map mental picture of the layout of the environment
conditioned response (CR) response caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS) stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
continuous reinforcement rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
extinction decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
fixed interval reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
higher-order conditioning (also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
instinct unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
latent learning learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
law of effect behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
learning change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of of experience
model person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
negative punishment taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
neutral stimulus (NS) stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
observational learning type of learning that occurs by watching others
operant conditioning form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
partial reinforcement rewarding behavior only some of the time
positive punishment adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
positive reinforcement adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
primary reinforcer has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
punishment implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
radical behaviorism staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
reflex unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
reinforcement implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
secondary reinforcer has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
shaping rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
spontaneous recovery return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
stimulus discrimination ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
stimulus generalization demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response (UCR) natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
variable interval reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
variable ratio reinforcement schedule number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
vicarious punishment process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
Created by: SraBelanger
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