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203 exam 1
Intro to pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pharmacology | Integrated medical science involving chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, and more Study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses, adverse effects |
| drug therapy is directly linked to | the pathophysiology of a particular disease |
| what drugs promote healing | anti-inflammatory |
| what drugs cure disease | antibacterial |
| what drugs control/slow progress of a disease | cancer chemotherapy |
| what drugs prevent disease | vaccing |
| what druge alter neurotransmission | antidepressants |
| what drugs decrease risk of complications | anti-coagulants |
| what drugs increase function and comfort | analgesics for pain |
| what drugs provide replacement therapy | insulin |
| what drugs reduce excessive activity in the body | proton pump inhibitors |
| generic name | unique, official, simple name for a specific drug ex: ASA |
| example of a trade, proprietary or brand name | aspirin |
| example of a chemical name | acetylslicycilic acid |
| schedule 1 drugs | high abuse potential; no medical use; example heroin. |
| schedule 2 drugs | high potential for abuse with severe physical & psychological dependence; example oxycodone. |
| schedule 3 drugs | less abuse potential with severe physical & psychological dependence; example testosterone. |
| schedule 4 drugs | less abuse potential; limited physical dependence; example diazepam. |
| schedule 5 drugs | low abuse potential; minor physical dependence; example antitussives with codeine. |
| routes of drug administration | enteral, parenteral, transdermal |
| methods of enteral drug administration | oral, sublingual/buccal, rectal |
| oral administration | liquids, tablets, capsules |
| sublingual administration | Tablets, Strips/films, sprays Examples: nitroglycerin |
| rectal administration | Suppositories, enema Examples: laxatives/bowel prep agents |
| methods of parenteral administration | injection, inhalation, topical |
| injection administration | Intravenous (IV) Intra-arterial Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intra-articular |
| topical administration | Skin Nasal Ophthalmic Otic |
| transdermal administration example | iontophoresis, phonophoresis, patch |
| iontophoresis | technique of introducing ionic medicinal compounds into the body through the skin by applying a local electric current Examples: Corticosteriods (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone) for inflammation |
| phonophoresis | use of ultrasound to enhance the delivery of topically applied drugs. Examples: Corticosteriods (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone) for inflammation |
| patch | Used to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream over a period of time. Examples: Nitroglycerin to treat angina. |
| pharmaceutic phase | Dilution of drug so that it can be absorbed. |
| pharmacokinetic phase | what body does to the medication Absorption Distribution/Bioavailability Metabolism Excretion Half-life |
| pharmacodynamics phase | what meds do to the body. |
| pharmacokinetic phase | Absorption- process by which drug particles are moved into body tissues |
| what is the pharmacokinetic phase influenced by? | - route of admin - solubility of drug - body conditions |
| bioavailability | fraction of drug that reaches circulation system. |
| what us bioavailability influenced by? | Bound to plasma proteins Diffuse into tissues Interact with receptors Produce therapeutic effect |
| metabolism | chemical reactions which covert drug to inactive form. |
| first pass effect | ↓ bioavailability of some oral drugs due to metabolism by the liver before reaching systemic circulation |
| excretion | elimination of drugs from the body. |
| primary site of drug excretion | kidney |
| sites of drug excretion | kidney, sear, feces/bile, breathing |
| half life | elimination of drugs from the body. |
| how many half lives does it take to eliminate 98% of drug? | 5-6 |
| What happens to ½ life in patients with kidney or liver disease? | Increased ½ life with kidney or liver disease |
| pharmacodynamic phase | Drug’s actions and effects within the body. (vs. body’s effects on the drug) all drugs produce multiple effects, therapeutic effect is the desired effect |
| secondary effects of drugs | Side effects Adverse rxn |
| drug actions | alter cellular environment (physical/chemical changes) alter cellular function (agonists/antagonists) |
| physical changes to cellular environment | changes in osmotic pressure, lubrication, absorption, or conditions on surface of cell membrane. |
| chemical changes to cellular environment | inactivation of cellular functions or alteration in chemical components of body fluids. |
| examples of drugs that cause physical changes to environment | Manitol brain edema, sunscreen, laxatives |
| examples of drugs that cause chemical changes to environment | Antiacids decrease stomach pH |
| how do agonists alter cellular function | binds with receptor to produce therapeutic effect ex: insulin |
| how do antagonists/blockers alter cellular function | binds with receptor and prevents action of the receptor complex Examples: beta blockers |
| adverse drug reactions | unintended, detrimental effects ranging from minor to severe. |
| allergic reaction | aka hypersensitivity rxn; usually occurs after >1 dose |
| anaphylaxis | a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. |
| drug idiosyncrasy | abnormal rxn to drug, often opposite of the desired effect. |
| example of drug idiosyncrasy | Benadryl normally causes drowsiness but can cause agitation |
| drug tolerance | a person's diminished response to a drug, which occurs when it is used repeatedly and the body adapts to its continued presence. |
| exampled of drug tolerance | Opioid analgesics |
| cumulative drug effect | repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose. |
| example of cumulative drug effect | digitalis toxicity |
| pics 31,32, 33, 34 | |
| factors affecting blood levels of drugs | Regular intake, normal distribution, and excretion taking drug at irregular intervals, missing doses taking double dose or too frequently |
| role of PTA in pt management of medications | Identify Medication related problems. Notify appropriate healthcare provider. Utilizes resources for patient benefit. Practice within your scope. |
Created by:
bdavis53102
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