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Prenatal Period
VII: Prenatal Period, Birth and the Newborn
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stages of Prenatal Development | Conception, Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period |
| Conception | Occurs as soon as one sperm penetrates the ovum, chemical reaction makes ovum's membrane impenetrable to other sperm, 46 chromosomes |
| Germinal Period | (0-2 weeks) the newly created zygote begins cell division as it travels down the fallopian tube, where fertilization took place, toward the uterus and splits in half; occurs first 2 weeks after conception, implantation occurs 10 days after conception |
| Implantation | in which the blastocyst burrows into the wall of the uterus; begins at about day 6 and is complete by about day 11 |
| Embryonic Period | (3-8 weeks) cells divide more rapidly and the major organs and body systems form, name changes from zygote to embryo |
| Placenta | a principal organ of exchange between the mother and developing organism; |
| The Umbilical Cord | connects the embryo to the placenta |
| Amnion (Amniotic Sac) | a membrane that holds amniotic fluid, surrounds the embryo providing temperature regulation, cushioning, and protection from shocks; the bag in which the embryo floats |
| Fetal Period | (9 weeks to birth); longest prenatal period, the fetus grows rapidly and its organs become more complex and begin to function, age of viability ~22 weeks |
| Teratogen | any agent that causes a birth defect , only about 1/2 of all potential effects appear at birth |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | a cluster of defects appearing after heavy prenatal exposure alcohol; associated with distinct pattern of facial characteristics (small head circumference, short nose, small eye opening); defects in growth, intellectual, motor, and language development |
| Tobacco | fetal and neonatal deaths are higher among smoking mothers, higher incidence of preterm birth and low weight birth weights, intervention programs to stop smoking can raise birth weights |
| Cocaine | reduce birth weight, length, and head circumference, impaired motor development at age 2, poor attentional skills |
| Marijuana | THC readily crosses placenta to affect fetus; negatively affects fetal length, growth, birth weight; can lead to stillbirth, preterm birth, thinner cortex |
| Opioids | young infants are addicted and show withdrawal symptoms ( tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control), behavior |
| Rubella (German Measles) | (Maternal Illness): developed prior to the 11th week of pregnancy can cause a variety of defects including blindness, deafness, heart defects, and brain damage |
| Chicken Pox | (Maternal Illness): can produce birth defects affecting the arms, legs, eyes, and brain |
| Mumps | (Maternal Illness): increased risk of miscarriage |
| The Birth Process | Dilatation, Delivery, Expulsion of placenta |
| Dilation | longest stage of birth process, uterine contractions cause cervix to dilate |
| Delivery | process completed within 1 1/2 hours or less, starts when the baby's head moves through the cervix into the vaginal canal, ends when the baby emerges completely |
| Expulsion of Placenta | 5-10 minute process, placenta and umbilical cord expelled |
| Methods of Delivery | Vaginal, Cesarean, Medicated, Natural |
| APGAR | taken both 1 min and 5 mins after birth, Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration, score of 7-10=good to excellent condition |
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) | a neurobehavioral assessment commonly administered in the first few days after birth to assess the newborn's neurological competence based on reflexes and reactions to people, 27 items |
| Preterm | babies born before the 37th week |
| Small-for-Date | weight less than 90% of babies of same gestational age |
Created by:
serenakellie
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