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Reproductive Choices
VI: Reproductive Choices and Behavior Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genetic Counseling | determines the risk that offspring will inherit genetic defects or chromosomal abnormalities |
| Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) | alternative methods of conception that rely on medical technology, almost 2% of infants in the US are conceived this way |
| Infertility | inability conceive after 12 months , affects 10-15% of couples in the US |
| Artificial Insemination | the injection of sperm directly into the uterus, least invasive type of alternate conception, least expensive ($300-$1000), low success rate |
| In Virto Fertilization (IVF) | conception initiated outside the womb (ovarian stimulation hormone therapy, egg pick up, sperm preparation, egg fertilization, embryo develop, embryo transfer),success rate ~50% (depending on age), ~$12,400 per trial excluding medication |
| Surrogacy | a woman (surrogate) is impregnated and carries a fetus to term and agrees to turn the baby over to the parent(s) who will raise it , $100,000+, Ethical Issues: health of surrogate, emotional risk to surrogate, and strong financial incentives |
| ART and Sex Selection | enables healthy baby of sex unaffected by disease carried on sex chromosomes |
| Sperm Sorting | sperm are stained with a fluorescent dye or centrifuged to separate X or Y chromosome, the sperm with the desired chromosomes are used |
| Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) | Zygotes are created in a lab by removing eggs and fertilizing them with sperm, 3 days after fertilization, a cell from each cluster is extracted to examine chromosomes, desired male or female embryos are then implanted |
| Adoption | social and legal process, early adoption ~better outcomes (outcomes depend on experiences) |
| Transracial Adoption | in which a child (typically of color) is adopted by parents of a different race (most often white), accounts for 1/4 of adoptions |
| International Adoption | adopting internationally, orphanages in China, Ethiopia, Ukraine, Congo, and Haiti account for 2/3 of internationally adopted children, children available for adoption often spend significant time without consistent human contact |
| Adoption through Foster Care | 117,000 children in foster care, median age of adoption=8 years |
| Behavior Genetics | the field of study that examines how genes and experience combine to influence the diversity of human traits, abilities, and behaviors |
| Heritability | the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to their genetic differences ex.) Studying twins who live together vs. twins who were reared apart, both mono and dizygotic and adopted children |
| Range of Reaction | a wide range of potential expressions of a genetic trait depending on environmental opportunities and constraints |
| Canalization | in which heredity narrows the range of development to only one or a few outcomes |
| Gene-Environment Correlations | refers to the finding that many genetically influenced traits tend to be associated with environmental factors that promote their development |
| Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation | environment is acting on the genes of the child regardless of the behavior of the child ex.) Athletic parents may surround with child with athletic opportunities and the child becomes athletic |
| Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlation | children's genetic traits influence environment; a child's behavior does matter to how the environment may influence their environment ex.) Active and happy infants tend to receive more adult attention than do passive or moody infants |
| Active-Genotype-Environment Correlation | when a child actively creates experiences and environments that correspond to & influence his genetic predisposition ex.) A child with a genetic trait for interest and ability in music actively seeks experiences and environments that support that trait |
| Niche Picking | the tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of our genetic tendencies |
| Epigenetics | the process of how genes are expressed |
| Epigenome | molecule stretches along the length of DNA and provides instructions to genes (how expressed, on/off); carries the instructions that determine what each cell in your body will become, these instructions are carried out by turning genes on and off |
Created by:
serenakellie
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