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Electricity/Magnets

Electricity and Magnetism

TermDefinition
Electrostatic Force Electrostatic forces are non-contact forces; they pull or push on objects without touching them.
Coulombs' Law Charged particles exert forces on each other. Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. The greater the distance between charges, the less force they will exert on each other.
Electric Field The physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field.
Electric field lines point in the direction that . . . A positive charge would move when in the presence of an electric field.
Electricity The movement of electrons; results when electrons flow through a material.
Conductor A material or device that conducts or transmits heat, electricity, or sound. Allows the flow of charge in one or more directions with free electrons that can easily move about in a material.
Examples of conductors Metal fencing, Copper, Aluminum, Water
Insulator No free electrons are available to transfer a current such as heat or sound. The atoms of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move.
Examples of insulators Nonmetals, Diamond, Wood, Glass, Rubber, Porcelain, Dry air, Most plastics and oxides
Resistivity A measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. Most materials have a limit to how low resistivity values will go.
Semiconductors Have few electrons with which to conduct electricity, however if enough energy (thermal or otherwise) is provided, electrons can be freed and allowed to flow.
Superconductors Conductive materials whose resistivity abruptly decreases to zero as the temperature decreases below a critical value called the critical temperature.
Critical Temperature The temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
Static Electricity Occurs as a result of excess positive or negative charges on an object's surface.
Friction One surface or object rubbing against another one resulting in heat/energy. Some electrons are held more loosely than others in an atom, and the loosely held electrons can be rubbed off/transferred.
Induction When a charged object is brought near to, but not touching an insulator. The molecules inside the uncharged object shift with the negative side of the molecule moving closer to the positively charged object.
Conduction Two objects, one charged and one neutral, are brought into contact with one another. Excess charge from the charged object will flow into the neutral object, until the charge of both objects is balanced.
Current Electricity The electricity due to the flow of electrons.
Current The flow rate of electrons through the circuit, and is measured in amperes.
Amperes The SI base unit of electrical current. One ampere is equal to 6.241509074×10¹⁸ electrons worth of charge moving past a point in a second.
Resistance (R) The measure of how difficult it is to move electrons through a circuit.
Voltage (V) The force that moves electrons through a circuit, and is measured in volts.
Ohm's Law states that . . . The resistance is equal to the voltage divided by the current as shown in the Ohm's Law Equation where resistance has units of ohms.
Formula for Ohm's Law V= IR
Circuit The path through which the electricity is conducted.
Batteries Commonly used voltage sources; chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.
Loads Draw currents from the circuit providing resistance to the flow of electricity. Usually represented as a simple resistor in circuit diagrams.
Simple Series Circuit Having only one path through which current can flow.
Circuit Diagram A graphical representation of an electrical circuit.
Formula for total resistance in series circuit RT = R1 + R2 + R3
How does a switch work? When the switch is open electricity will not flow through a series circuit.
Parallel Circuit Has more than one path for the electricty to flow.
Formula for total resistance in parallel circuit 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Magnet An object which is capable of producing magnetic field and attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles.
Magnetic Field The portion of space near a magnetic body or a body carrying an electric current within which magnetic forces due to the body or current can be detected.
Magnetic field lines always point . . . From the North Pole to the South Pole of a magnet.
Compass An instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings.
Bar Magnet Rectangular piece of an object, made up of iron, steel or any other ferromagnetic substance or ferromagnetic composite, that shows permanent magnetic properties.
What happens when you break a magnet? The newly cut faces will become the new north or south poles of the smaller pieces. They act as independent magnets.
Ways to de-magnetize a magnet Heating a magnet to a very high temperature. Dropping it frequently, or hammering it repeatedly. Bringing the magnet in contact with the like poles of other magnets repeatedly. Passing the electric current through magnet.
Electromagnet A device that becomes magnetic when electricity flows through it.
Parts of an electromagnet Coils, Wire, Nail, Battery
Simple (or electric) motor Use an electromagnet, and turn it into a electric motor.
Horseshoe Magnet Bar magnets bent in a U shape. The U shape makes the magnet stronger by pointing the poles in the same direction.
Armature Cylinder of iron.
Rotor A moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric motor, electric generator, or alternator.
Stature Stationary permanent magnet part.
Electric Generator A device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically by electromagnetic induction.
Alternating Current (AC) A type of electrical current, in which the direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles.
Direct Current (DC) Electrical current which flows consistently in one direction. Direct current can flow through conductors like wires, but it can also flow through semiconductors and even a vacuum.
Created by: shealyn
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