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PSYC 125 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neuropsychology | Links mental processes to underlying biology |
| Roles of neuropsychologist | assessment/diagnosis treatment recommendations rehabilitation research teaching |
| The Lesion Approach | Take damaged brain and study it compared to someone normal; learn about normal function through dysfunction |
| Broca's Area | Speech production |
| H.M. Wells | Medial-temporal lobes were removed to cure seizures, ended up with anterograde amnesia |
| Prosopagnosia | Inability to process/recognize faces |
| Fusiform Gyrus is activated... | to recognize/distinguish objects & faces |
| Critical to the Lesion Approah | control group comparison performance measures |
| What is the WADA Technique? | Injection of barbiturate into left/right carotid artery to temporarily turn off one hemisphere |
| what is the WADA Technique used for? | Lateralize function (EX: language) |
| Drawback to the WADA Technique | Highly invasive |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (r/TMS) | Examine motor/cognitive processing |
| How does r/TMS work? | Magnetic pulses disrupt ongoing cognitive processing, activate simple motor & visual systems |
| Fast TMS pulses (10-30 Hz) will... | enhance functioning |
| Slow TMS pulses (1 Hz) will... | diminish functioning |
| TMS can be used to... | treat depression |
| r/TMS strengths | Relatively noninvasive May treat depression & other neuropsychiatric disorders |
| r/TMS weaknesses | Long term effects unclear (seizures?) Strong inter-subject differences - must be individualized |
| Wilder Penfield | Mapped motor cortex & some somatosensory cortex |
| How do CT/CAT Scans work? | X-rays pass through head, detect differences in density of tissue; reflect structural density |
| CT/CAT Scans diagnose... | Strokes, lesions, tumors, vascular malformation, brain bleed |
| Enhanced CT | Inject iodine to reveal more contrast of brain structures, absorb x-rays better |
| CT/CAT Scan advantages | See calcium deposits better than MRI faster than MRI |
| CT/CAT Scan disadvantages | Uses radiation poorer resolution than MRI can see most tissue types better with MRI |
| CT/CAT Scans created... | New methods for neuropathological diagnosis & lesion localization |
| How did CT/CAT Scans change role of neuropsychologist? | Used to have to find lesion as NP, but they could now be seen with CT |
| Structure does... | not equal function |
| CT/CAT Scans are what type of imaging method? | Structural |
| EEG are what type of imaging method? | Functional |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Ongoing electrical activity in large groups of neurons firing synchrony |
| EEG & Neuropsychology | time neural events used as diagnostic tool in hospital good temporal resolution poor spatial resolution |
| Why do EEG have good temporal resolution? | Picks up electrical activity in real time |
| Why do EEG have poor spatial resolution? | Activity is average across a general area, can't be specific about what neuron(s) generate activity |
| EEG are commonly used for... | epilepsy studies |
| Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) | Time-locked response to a specific stimulus |
| ERPs reveal changes... | in extent & timing of brain response to stimulus |
| ERP advantage | Good temporal resolution amplify EEG function |
| Electrophysiological Methods | EEG ERPs |
| Electrophysiological Methods Advantages | non-invasive doesn't require behavioral response (passive viewing of stimulus) |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Radioactive tracer labels glucose to localize areas of activity in different cognitive tasks |
| PET are what type of imaging method? | Functional |
| Why do PET scans measure glucose? | Active brain areas metabolize more glucose |
| PET Advantages | measures function can measure any task |
| PET disadvantages | radioactive poor resolution can only do 1 task at a time expensive |
| PET may be more sensitive measure where... | pathology is not clear |
| Major finding using PET in clinical setting | can see suppressed metabolic activity in neurological patients |
| MRI are what type of imaging method? | Structural |
| How do MRI work? | Magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms; radio frequency knocks atoms out of alignment when atoms spin back into place, measurable magnetic field is created |
| Different atom density have... | different times to spin back |
| MRI magnet coils | 1.5, 3, 7 T |
| increase magnetic field... | increase resolution/measurement precision |
| MRI advantages | good spatial resolution can see different tissues no radiation |
| MRI disadvantages | Can't have metal can't see calcium well takes longer than CT not best for open head injuries |
| Which structural imaging method has better image of structures/tissue differentiation? | MRI |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) | Use fluid (water) diffusion patterns to trace axon projections |
| DTI are what type of imaging method? | Structural |
| What are DTI good for detecting? | Conditions that affect white matter |
| White Matter | Myelinated axons |
| Grey Matter | cell bodies |
| Functional MRI (fMRI) | Measure oxygenation/blood flow before & after task |
| Areas active in a task will... | require more oxygenated blood |
| blood enters area | more oxygen, active (red) |
| blood exits area | less oxygen, no longer active (blue) |
| fMRI advantages | good spatial resolution no radiation, safe better resolution that PET can be >1 task at a time |
| fMRI disadvantages | poor timing estimated brain activity from blood flow (secondary measurement) limited in motor tasks inside scanner |
| Neuroimaging techniques have created huge advances in | diagnostics: locating/characterizing nature of neurological damage research techniques for understanding brain structure & functioning compliment behavioral assessment |
| Contributions from neuroimaging for Vegetative state | May measure islands of preserved brain function & assess conscious awareness |
| Which of the following is NOT a structural imaging method: MRI, CT, fMRI, pneumoencephalogram | fMRI |
| A patient is injected with radioactive glucose, completes a language task, and then put in a scanner to examine brain activation. What is this procedure called? | PET |
| What advantage does The Lesion Method have other imaging technologies? | Allows understanding of actual abilities, rather than just identifying location of structural changes |
| EEG is to ERP as MRI is to… | fMRI |
| List all structural imaging methods | CT MRI |
| List all functional imaging methods | fMRI PET SPECT WADA |
| Which functional imaging methods use radiation? | PET SPECT |
| List all electrophysiological imaging methods | EEG ERP |
| A patient presents with a history of severe headaches & nausea. Knowing they are a metal worker, which imaging method should you AVOID administering? | MRI |
| Aims of clinical assessment | Describe behavior Diagnose problems Predict risks & outcomes Monitor treatment responses Guide intervention |
| Neuropsychological Testing (def) | Objective, comprehensive assessment of cognitive/behavioral functioning |
| Through testing, you link cognitive… | Functioning to CNS integrity |
| Neuropsychological testing facilitates… | Diagnosis, rehabilitation, treatment |
| Key concepts in Assessment | Reliability Validity Standardization |
| Reliability | Consistency in measurement |
| 3 types of Reliability | Test retest Split-half Inter-rater |
| Validity | Are you measuring what you think you’re measuring, in this context? |
| Standardization | Consistent use of a technique; same manner, materials, purpose |
| Test Retest Reliability | Administer same test twice over a period of time, then correlate results |
| Split-Half Reliability | Split test in half, then compare results of each half |
| Inter-rater Reliability | Correlate every item in test with each other |
| 4 types of Validity | Face Construct Content Criterion |
| Face Validity | Does the test look like it's measuring what it should? |
| Construct Validity | Extent to which test measures what it's supposed to |
| Convergent Validity (Construct) | Administer test of interest along with an established test that tests same thing If new test is accurate, both tests should converge & arrive to same conclusion |
| Discriminant Validity (construct) | Extent to which new test is NOT related to another test that tests for something else |
| Content Validity | How well a test covers all aspects of behavior of interest |
| Criterion Validity | Extent to which test has cut off point to separate people with/out behavior being tested |
| Concurrent Validity (Criterion) | Cutoff point confirms person has what you’re testing for (person is established to have condition) |
| Predictive Validity (Criterion) | Test will separate those that WILL show behavior of interest in the future |
| A measure can be reliable but… | not valid |
| A measure cannot be valid unless… | it is reliable |
| False Positive (type I error) | Condition is absent but test is positive |
| Valid acceptance | Condition is present & test is positive |
| False Negative (type II error) | Condition is present but test is negative |
| Valid rejection | Condition is absent & test is negative |
| What are the 2 approaches to Assessment? | Flexible Battery Fixed/Standard Battery |
| Flexible Battery | Individually tailored for each patient Choose tests based on hypothesis |
| Fixed Battery | A pre-determined set of tests is used for every patient |
| Flexible Battery Advantages | Focus on the individual Focus on present problem, saving time Emphasizes WHY task failed, not WHETHER |
| Process Approach | How did the person complete the test tells us more about brain functioning than IF they failed |
| Flexible Battery Disadvantages | Confirmatory bias Subjectivity in interpretation Lack of standardization Not good for research |
| Fixed Battery Advantages | Comprehensive Patterns of scores can facilitate diagnosis Teaching (test selection is eliminated) Good for research (completely standardized) Easier for people new to field |
| Fixed Battery Disadvantages | Time consuming Omits qualitative observation; ignores the why Data limited by original test selection Overly rigid & nonadaptive to individuals Too many tests, may have false positive |
| Steps of Neuropsychological Assessment | Review background (medical records) Interview & mental status exam Testing Written report Feedback Follow up |
| Why is the interview & mental status exam necessary? | Can see what the patient is like at the moment & assess if problem is present in all settings, or in specific settings Can see patient’s mood, behavior, & mannerisms |
| Domains of Assessment | Motor Sensory/Perception Language Memory Higher cognitive functioning Personality/Emotional |
| Mnemonic Device for Domains of Assessment | My Soup Lacks Many Hot Peas |
| Motor Skills | Fine & gross manual motor speed/dexterity Graphomotor skills & motor apraxia |
| Graphomotor Skills | Drawing tasks |
| Motor Apraxia | Ability to carry out motor sequences |
| Sensation & Perception | Helps rule out dysfunctional sensory/perceptual systems |
| Visuospatial functioning is… | A higher level component; can you perceive an object in a 3D space? |
| Sensation & Perception tests should be performed… | With & without motor involvement |
| Frontal lobes are responsible for… | Output |
| Hemi-Spatial Neglect | Ignore left visual field |
| Examples of Visuospatial Testing | Spatial orientation, directional skills, map-reading Clock drawing Spatial manipulation Visual sequencing Facial recognition |
| Language | Ability to follow commands & understand language |
| 3 divisions of language to test | Receptive Expressive Reading, writing, spelling |
| Receptive/Comprehension Language | Can follow simple & 3-step commands |
| Expressive Speech | Define words Repetition Verbal fluency Naming |
| Memory | Mostly test episodic & semantic |
| Declarative Memory | Stories, lists, figures |
| Memory acquistion | How info gets in |
| Memory Recall | Immediate & delayed; test if info is falling out |
| Memory Recognition | Can recognize but not recall; info is in there but can’t be accessed |
| Higher Cognitive Functions | Attention/Concentration Executive Functioning |
| Attention/Concentration | Immediate & sustained |
| Executive Functioning | Abstract reasoning Novel problem solving Cognitive flexibility |
| Stroop Color-Word Test | Repeat the color the word APPEARS in |
| Wisconsin Card Sort Test | Tests cognitive flexibility & problem solving |
| Personality/Mood | Disorder-specific EX: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
| After the Assessment | Written report (objective, with meaningful recommendations) Feedback Follow-up |
| Primary Motor Cortex | Motor signal exits & reaches necessary lobes |
| Decusate | Axons cross over |
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex | Where pain, temp, & touch sensations synapse |
| Location of Primary Somatosensory Cortex | Post-Central Gyrus |
| External Somatosensory Processing | Touch, pain, heat |
| Internal Somatosensory Processing | Body position, fever (internal temp) |
| 5 types of Somatosensory Receptors | Mechanical Chemical Thermoreceptors Nocioceptors Proprioceptors |
| Mechanical Receptors | Respond to physical movement |
| Chemical Receptors | Respond to chemicals (smell & taste), also on skin |
| Thermoreceptors | Respond to temp; different receptors for cold & hot |
| Nocioceptors | Respond to pain |
| Proprioceptors | Where are you in space |
| Gustatory System | Taste; Info send from tongue through Thalamus |
| Ageusia | Absence of taste |
| Dysgeusia | Reduced taste |
| Phantogeusia | Tasting things that aren't there |
| Olfaction System | Info is sent from olfactory bulb to limbic system, then back to frontal cortex |
| Anosmia | Absence of smell |
| Dysosmia | Impaired smell |
| Phantosmia | Imagined smell |
| Why do noses need moisture? | To break down molecules so brain can process stimulus |
| Olfaction receptors... | penetrate through bone by way of cilia |
| Homonculus | Representation of a human whose body proportions correspond to the number of receptors in brain for that body part |
| Somatosensory System | Info sent from body to thalamus & contralateral primary somatosensory cortex |
| Astereognosis | Inability to recognize objects by touch |
| Finger Agnosia | Can't identify fingers |
| Paresthesia | Constant numbness/tingling sensation |
| Paresthesia is common in... | Stroke & diabetes patients |
| Phantom Limb Pain | When starved of stimulus, brain region will imagine stimulus & create signal |
| Proprioceptive Disorder | Not knowing where you are in space |
| Tactile Extinction | Signals are blocked from reaching brain; can't detect (unilateral) stimulus |
| Motor System | Info is sent to body through internal capsule, spinal cord, muscles via contralateral projections |
| Internal capsule | Fibers bundle together then decusate |
| Supplemental Motor Area (SMA) | Motor sequencing, timing, & initiation |
| What activates SMA? | Internal cues, "I am going to..." |
| Premotor Area (PMA) | Motor sequencing, timing, & initiation |
| What activates PMA? | External cues; being told to do something |
| Cingulate Motor Area (CMA) | Spontaneous movements; unplanned |
| SMA & PMA are also active when... | imaging movements |
| Lesions in SMA/PMA cause... | problems in sequencing & timing movement |
| Location of SMA/PMA | Pre-central gyrus |
| Apraxia/Dyspraxia | Impaired mental representations |
| Types of motor Apraxia/dyspraxia | Limb-kinetic Ideomotor Conceptual Ideational |
| Limb-Kinetic Apraxia/dyspraxia | Fine motor coordination; clumsiness |
| Ideomotor Apraxia/dyspraxia | Idea of movement is impaired; can do motor behavior spontaneously, but not when commanded |
| Conceptual Apraxia/dyspraxia | Lost knowledge of behavior; mistaken usage (of objects) |
| Ideational Apraxia/dyspraxia (Dissociation) | Sequencing of motor program; can't put image of motor program in head to perform sequence |
| Auditory System | Info is sent from cochlea through thalamus (MGN) to Primary Auditory Cortex |
| There are __ & __ inputs to the cortex from __ ear | ipsilateral, contralateral, each |
| Visual System is probably... | most dominant sense for humans |
| Visual System | Info is sent from retina through thalamus (LGN) to V1 |
| Left & right visual fields are... | processed contralaterally |
| Everything on right visual field of both eyes is represented in... | left hemisphere |
| Everything on left visual field of both eyes is represented in... | right hemisphere |
| Visual Field Deficits (Hemianopias) | Half of visual field is impaired |
| Visual Agnosia for objects, faces, etc | Can't recognize objects by sight |
| Disconnection Syndromes | What we see isn't integrating properly with other sensory systems (heteromodal damage) |
| Achromotopsia | Absence of color vision |
| Higher-order Visuospatial deficits | Difficulty recognizing objects from a different orientation |
Created by:
mdgomez18
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