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RTE 1418 Wk 3 chp 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Annihilation Reaction | Matter being converted back into energy as a result of a positron combining with a negative electron, which creates two photons moving in opposite directions. |
| Attenuation | Result of x ray photons interacting with matter, and therefore giving up their energy to the matter they interact with |
| Backscatter radiation | When a scattered photon is deflected back toward the source, it is traveling in the direction opposite to the incident photon |
| Characteristic photon | An x-ray photon created by the electron transfer from one shell to another. |
| Coherent scatter | interaction which occurs between very low-energy x-ray photons and matter. No ionization takes place(classical scatter or unmodified scatter) |
| Compton effect | The same as Compton scattering: interactions between x-rays and matter. |
| Compton electron | The dislodge electron resulting from Compton scattering |
| Compton (Scattered) photon | The photon which exits the atom in a different direction |
| Compton scattering | occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, removes the electron from its shell, and then proceeds in a different direction as a scattered photon. |
| negatron | A negatively charged electron resulting from a pair production |
| pair production | An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by the conversion of the energy of an x-ray photon into matter in the form of two electrons |
| photoelectric absorption | results when an x-ray photon interacts with an inner shell electron |
| photodisintegration | Interaction between an extremely high-energy photon. |
| photoelectron | An ionized atom with missing inner-shell electron resulting from ejection of the electron due to photoelectric absorption. |
| positron | A positively charged electron resulting from pair production. |
| radiation fog | The result of scattered photons striking the film and placing a density on the film that is unrelated to the patients image |
| scattering | When an x-ray photon interacts or changes direction |
| secondary radiation | Produced in the same manner as characteristic radiation is produced at the x-ray target-electron transfer from one shell to another. |
| Five basic interactions between x-rays and matter | Photoelectric absorption, Coherent scattering, Compton scattering, Pair production and photodisintergration |
| The higher the _______ of an element, the more energy will be required to remove a _____ electron from the atom | atomic number, K-shell |
| The further an _____ is from the nucleus, the higher the _______ of the electron will be | electron, total energy |
| The incident x-ray photon energy must be _____ than the binding energy of the ______ electron | greater than, inner shell |
| Added filtration | Any filtration that occurs outside the tube and housing before the image receptor |
| Compensating filter | Used to even out unequal densities |
| Compound filter | The use of two or more materials to complement one another in their absorbing abilities, also know as K-edge filter |
| Filter | Any material designed to selectively absorb photons from the x-ray beam |
| half-value layer (HVL) | amount of absorbing material that will reduce the intensity of the primary beam to one-half its original value |
| inherent filtration | results from the composition of the tube and housing |
| K-edge filter | the use of two or more materials to complement one another in their absorbing abilities; also known as compound filters |
| Thoreaus filter | A type of compound filter consisting of tin, copper, and aluminum, in that order, typically used in radiation therapy |
| total filtration | The sum of inherent and added filtration |
| trough filter | A type of compensating filter used to even out densities such as in the mediastinum. |
| wedge filter | A type of compensating filter used to even out densities such as in the foot or lower extremities |
| Activity | Describes the quantity of radioactive material; expressed as the number of radioactive atoms that undergo decay per unit time. |
| Alpha particle | Contains two portions and two neutrons, is equivalent to a helium nucleus, and is emitted from the nuclei of heavy elements as they undergo radioactive decay |
| Becquerel | The SI unit of activity |
| Beta particle | Identical to an electron, except it is emitted from the nuclei of radioactive materials: it is very light and negatively charged |
| Curie (ci) | The unit of activity |
| effective dose | The sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues and organs; use to measure the radiation and organ systems specific damage in man. |
| genetic | Describes the effects of radiation that appear in the descendants of the individual being irradiated |
| gray (Gy) | Unit of absorbed energy or dose; 1 joule of energy absorbed in each kilogram of absorbing material |
| Integral dose | The total amount of energy imparted to matter; the product of dose and the mass over which the energy is imparted |
| Particulate radiation | High energy electrons, neutrons, and protons that produce ionization in matter by direct atomic collisions |
| photoelectric absorption | An interaction between x-rays and matter characterized by the interaction between a high energy photon and the nucleus. |
| Quality factor | Radiation weighting factor, specific to specific types of radiation; accounts for the biological effectiveness of the specific radiation |
| Rad | Radiation absorbed dose, Unit of absorbed energy or dose applicable to any material |
| Rem | Radiation equivalent in man, measurement of the biologically equivalent dose |
| roentgen (R) | The unit of exposure in air |
| sievert (Sv) | The product of the absorbed dose in gray and the radiation weighting factor |
| somatic | Describes the effect of radiation that appear in the individual who was irradiated |
| Systeme Internationale d'Unites (SI units) | An international system of units based on the metric system |
| Conventional: roentgen ______ SI unit: Coulomb/kilogram | 2.58 x 10^4 |
| Conventional: rad ______ SI unit: gray | 0.01 |
| Conventional: rem ______ SI unit: sievert | 0.01 |
| Conventional: curie ______ SI unit:becquerel | 3.7 x 10^10 |
| ____ energy photons interact with _____ atom | Low, whole |
| ____ energy photons interact with _____ electrons | Moderate, orbital |
| ____ energy photons interact with _____ | High, nucleus |
| Ionizing radiation: (Sources) Natural | Cosmic, terrestrial, internal |
| Ionizing radiation: (sources) Man made | Medical, nuclear, consumer products |
| Ionizing radiation: (groups) | Particulate and Electromagnetic |
| Particulate radiations | High energy electrons, Neutrons, Protons, alpha particles, beta particles |
| Ionizing Electromagnetic radiation | X-rays, gamma rays, Energy transfer, Biologic damage |
| Electromagnetic radiations includes: | x-rays and gamma rays |
| What is the predominant interaction in the diagnostic x-ray range? | Compton scattering |
| HVL | Is the most appropriate measure of x-ray beam quality |
| kVp | The quality of an x-ray beam |
| kVp | The HVL is affected principally by |
| Radiation quality | When filtration is added to an x-ray tube |
| Low-energy x-rays are removed more readily than high-energy x-rays | As filtration is added to an x-ray beam |
| X-ray quality | An increase in mAs will increase |
| Quality | Often stated that mAs controls quantity and kVp controls this |
| Quality and quantity | kVp controls |
| The scatter exposure to the operator is increased by 25% | If the mA during fluoro is increased |
| A lower HVL would result in an increased absorbed dose to the patient with no improvement in image quality | A minimum HVL is required for diagnostic x-ray beams |
| Filtration is added | An x-ray beam can be made to have higher effective energy if this occurs |
| Filtration | Will enhance x-ray beam quality |
| Soften the x-ray beam | Reducing kVp will do |
| Increase x-ray quality | Adding filtration to an x-ray beam |
| Alpha | Can use a few cm of air as sheild |
| gamma | electromagnetic radiation originating from a nucleus undergoing radioactive decay |
| Alpha | is identical to a He nucleus |
| Alpha | particulate radiation with a positive charge |
| X-ray | electromagnetic radiation originating from the electron shells surrounding the nucleus |
| Beta | is identical to an electron |
| Sievert | equal to Gy x Wr |
| Gray | unit of absorbed dose |
| C/kg | applies only to x and y radiation |
| becquerel | Unit of activity |
| Gray | equal to 1 joule/kg |
| C/kg | exposure in air |
| Sievert | takes into account the biological effectiveness of radiation |
| becquerel | kinetic energy released per unit mass of matter |
| Milliamperage | directly proportional to tube current |
| Exposure time is ______ proportional to the number of ______ crossing the tube and is therefore directly proportional to the number of x-rays created | directly, electrons |
| Radiographic film _____ density is the degree of blacking of an x-ray film. | density |
| mAs | used as the primary controller of radiographic film density |
| Increasing the ______ on an x-ray control panel will cause an _____ in the speed and energy of the electrons applied across the x-ray tube | kVp, increase |
| X-ray quantity | measure of the number of x-ray photons in the useful beam |
| X-ray quality | measurement of the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. |
| Quantitative Factors | mAs, kVp, Distance, filtration |
| Qualitative factors | Kilovoltage, Filtration |
| Radiographic film ____ is the degree of blacking of an x-ray film | density |
| As the distance _____, intensity _____, which causes a decrease in exposure to the image receptor | increases, decreases |
Created by:
Joker71
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