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Abraham Maslow
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AP Psych Unit 6 Test

AP Psych Unit 6 Test: Motivation & Emotion

TermDefinition
Abraham Maslow Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological (Hierarchy of Needs)-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
Alfred Kinsey American biologist, professor of entomology and zoology, and sexologist. Known as the father of the sexual revolution, Dr. Kinsey's work has influenced social and cultural values in the United States and around the world.
William Masters American gynecologist who with his wife studied human sexual behavior and established Sexual Response Cycle
Virginia Johnson American sexologist who, along with her husband, performed revolutionary sex research and established sexual response cycle
Paul Ekman American psychologist, performed pioneering research regarding facial expressions & emotion
Motivation Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct a complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and cannot be unlearned
Drive Reduction Theory theory that claims that behavior is driven by a desire to lessen internal states of tension resulting from needs that disrupt homeostasis
Homeostasis metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
Optimum Arousal Theory A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
Incentives a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Hierarchy of Needs Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states that we must achieve lower level needs, such as food, shelter, and safety before we can achieve higher level needs, such as belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Set Point Theory bodies programmed to maintain weight., The lateral(hungry) & ventromedial (full) cancel each other out., fatty cells set-point to maintain, Heredity set points, If weight is lost, food intake increased & energy expenditure decreases or opposite
Basal metabolic rate the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
Anorexia self starvation, a refusal to maintain minimum body weight
Bulimia an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Sexual Response Cycle the four stages of sexual responding described by William Masters and Virgina Johnson 1. excitement, 2. plateau, 3. orgasm, and 4. resolution.
Refractory Period a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Estrogen sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
Testosterone the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Affiliation Need the desire to have personal relationships with other individuals, which manifests itself in the urge to form friendships and attachments and to join organizations and enjoy social gatherings
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard (Like taking an AP TEST).
James-Lange Theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Two-Factor Theory the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
Thalamus relation to Emotion regulates emotions and sexual arousal
Pons Relation to Emotion facial expressions
Amygdala detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli
Autonomic Nervous System a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
Emotion a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
Facial Expressions display personal emotions and indicate an individual's intentions within a social situation
The Basic Emotions there are seven core emotions that have evolved due to their adaptive value. These are contempt, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, and fear.
Health Psychology the study of social, behavioral, cognitive and emotional factors that influence the: maintenance of health, development of illness, course of illness or disease, patients and family's response to illness and disease.
Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Distress extreme pressure & anxiety that can lead to physical and psychological damage
Eustress positive stress that keeps you alert and engaged
4 Sources of Stress Distress, Conflict, Daily Hassles, Life Changes
Distress the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors (ex: tests, taxes, etc.)
Conflict being torn in (Individual) Different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal, leaving you feeling frustrated and stressed
Approach-Approach Conflict - Least stressful type - Each of the choices are positive - Resolved by making a decision - EX: Ice Cream or Cake
Approach - Avoidance Conflict - Has 1 positive Choice and 1 negative choice - Resolved by making a decision - EX: Cake or Broccoli
Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict - More stressful - Neither choice is positive (Both Negative) - Resolved by making a decision - EX: Take trash out or clean room
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Most complex form - Each of several alternative courses of action has its advantages & disadvantages - EX: College Choice
Daily Hassles Small stressful events that can happen in the course of a day - EX: Traffic, Slow People
Life Changes - Changes that affect ones life - EX: getting married, moving
Cortisol secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function; stress hormone
Coronary Heart Disease the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
Coping refers to conscious strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions
Defensive coping Unhealthy coping, adds stress to situation EX: drug use, lashing out, escapism, etc.
Actice coping healthy coping, reduces stress EX: talking to a therapist, meditation, etc.
Problem Focused Coping trying to solve problem & stress through logic and other problem solving techniques
Emotion Focused Coping expressing emotion to cope with situation
Biofeedback a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance
GAS Stages Stressor - Alarm Reaction (Fight or Flight) - Resistance (Coping) - Exhaustion
Effect on Immune System stress produces steroids that interfere w/ production of antibodies (decreased immune system)
Created by: emmaleighow
 

 



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