AP Psych Unit 6 Test: Motivation & Emotion
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| Abraham Maslow | Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological (Hierarchy of Needs)-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
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| Alfred Kinsey | American biologist, professor of entomology and zoology, and sexologist. Known as the father of the sexual revolution, Dr. Kinsey's work has influenced social and cultural values in the United States and around the world.
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| William Masters | American gynecologist who with his wife studied human sexual behavior and established Sexual Response Cycle
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| Virginia Johnson | American sexologist who, along with her husband, performed revolutionary sex research and established sexual response cycle
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| Paul Ekman | American psychologist, performed pioneering research regarding facial expressions & emotion
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| Motivation | Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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| Instinct | a complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and cannot be unlearned
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| Drive Reduction Theory | theory that claims that behavior is driven by a desire to lessen internal states of tension resulting from needs that disrupt homeostasis
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| Homeostasis | metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
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| Optimum Arousal Theory | A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
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| Incentives | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states that we must achieve lower level needs, such as food, shelter, and safety before we can achieve higher level needs, such as belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
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| Glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
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| Set Point Theory | bodies programmed to maintain weight., The lateral(hungry) & ventromedial (full) cancel each other out., fatty cells set-point to maintain, Heredity set points, If weight is lost, food intake increased & energy expenditure decreases or opposite
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| Basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
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| Anorexia | self starvation, a refusal to maintain minimum body weight
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| Bulimia | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
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| Sexual Response Cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by William Masters and Virgina Johnson
1. excitement, 2. plateau, 3. orgasm, and 4. resolution.
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| Refractory Period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
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| Estrogen | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
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| Testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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| Sexual Orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
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| Affiliation Need | the desire to have personal relationships with other individuals, which manifests itself in the urge to form friendships and attachments and to join organizations and enjoy social gatherings
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| Achievement Motivation | a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard (Like taking an AP TEST).
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| James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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| Cannon-Bard Theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
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| Two-Factor Theory | the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
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| Thalamus relation to Emotion | regulates emotions and sexual arousal
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| Pons Relation to Emotion | facial expressions
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| Amygdala | detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli
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| Autonomic Nervous System | a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
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| Emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
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| Facial Expressions | display personal emotions and indicate an individual's intentions within a social situation
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| The Basic Emotions | there are seven core emotions that have evolved due to their adaptive value. These are contempt, happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, and fear.
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| Health Psychology | the study of social, behavioral, cognitive and emotional factors that influence the: maintenance of health, development of illness, course of illness or disease, patients and family's response to illness and disease.
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| Stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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| General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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| Distress | extreme pressure & anxiety that can lead to physical and psychological damage
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| Eustress | positive stress that keeps you alert and engaged
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| 4 Sources of Stress | Distress, Conflict, Daily Hassles, Life Changes
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| Distress | the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors (ex: tests, taxes, etc.)
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| Conflict | being torn in (Individual) Different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal, leaving you feeling frustrated and stressed
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| Approach-Approach Conflict | - Least stressful type
- Each of the choices are positive
- Resolved by making a decision
- EX: Ice Cream or Cake
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| Approach - Avoidance Conflict | - Has 1 positive Choice and 1 negative choice
- Resolved by making a decision
- EX: Cake or Broccoli
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| Avoidance - Avoidance Conflict | - More stressful
- Neither choice is positive (Both Negative)
- Resolved by making a decision
- EX: Take trash out or clean room
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| Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict | - Most complex form
- Each of several alternative courses of action has its advantages & disadvantages
- EX: College Choice
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| Daily Hassles | Small stressful events that can happen in the course of a day
- EX: Traffic, Slow People
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| Life Changes | - Changes that affect ones life
- EX: getting married, moving
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| Cortisol | secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function; stress hormone
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| Coronary Heart Disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
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| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
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| Coping | refers to conscious strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions
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| Defensive coping | Unhealthy coping, adds stress to situation
EX: drug use, lashing out, escapism, etc.
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| Actice coping | healthy coping, reduces stress
EX: talking to a therapist, meditation, etc.
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| Problem Focused Coping | trying to solve problem & stress through logic and other problem solving techniques
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| Emotion Focused Coping | expressing emotion to cope with situation
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| Biofeedback | a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance
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| GAS Stages | Stressor - Alarm Reaction (Fight or Flight) - Resistance (Coping) - Exhaustion
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| Effect on Immune System | stress produces steroids that interfere w/ production of antibodies (decreased immune system)
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