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Dev. Psych-Chap 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosome | sausage shaped structure in the nucleus of cells, containing genes, which are paired, except in reproductive cells |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | long strand of cell material that stores and transfers genetic information in all life forms |
| gene | segment of DNA containing coded instructions for the growth and functioning of the organism |
| genome | entire store of an organism's hereditary information |
| genotype | organism's unique genetic inheritance |
| phenotype | organism's actual characteristics, derived from its genotype |
| dominant-recessive inheritance | pattern of inheritance in which a pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene is expressed in the phenotype |
| allele | on a pair of chromosomes, each of two forms of a gene |
| incomplete dominance | form of dominant-recessive inheritance in which the phenotype is influenced primarily by the dominant gene but also to some extent by the recessive gene |
| polygenic inheritance | expression of phenotypic characteristics die to the interaction of multiple genes |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine whether an organism is male (XY) or female (XX) |
| x-linked inheritance | patterns of inheritance in which recessive characteristics is expressed because it is carried on the male's X chromosome |
| nature-nurture debate | debate among scholars as to whether human development is influenced mainly by genes (nature) or by environment (nurture) |
| behavior genetics | field in the study of human development that aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behavior, primarily by comparing persons who share different amounts of their genes |
| monozygotic (MZ) twins | twins who have exactly the same genotype; identical twins |
| dizygotic (DZ) twins | twins that result when two ova are released by the female instead of one, and both are fertilized by sperm; fraternal twins |
| heritability | statistical estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population, with values ranging from 0 to 100 |
| concordance rate | degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members, expressed as a percentage |
| epigenetics | in development, the continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and environment |
| reaction range | range of possible developmental paths established by genes; environment determines where development takes place within that range |
| theory of genotype-environment effects | theory proposing that genes influence the kind of environment we experience |
| passive genotype-environment effects | in the theory, the type that results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to their children |
| evocative genotype-environment effects | in the theory, the type that results when a person's inherited characteristics evoke response from others in the environment |
| active genotype-environment effects | in the theory, the type that results when people seek out environment that corresponds to their genotype characteristics |
| ovum | mature egg that develops in ovaries, about every 28 days in human females |
| mitosis | process of cell replication in which chromosomes duplicate themselves and the cell divides into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell |
| gametes | cells, distinct to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes) |
| meiosis | process by which gametes are generated, through separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new gametes from the original cell, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell |
| cytoplasm | in an ovum, fluid that provides nutrients for the first two weeks of growth if the ovum if fertilized, until it reaches the uterus and begins drawing nutrients from the mother |
| crossing over | at the outset of meiosis, the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes |
| follicle | during the female reproductive cycle, the ovum plus other cells that surround the ovum and provide nutrients |
| zygote | following fertilization, the new cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum |
| germinal period | first 2 weeks after conception |
| blastocyst | ball of about 100 cells formed by about 1 week following conception |
| trophoblast | in the blastocyst, the outer layers of cells, which will go on for form structures that provide protection and nourishment to the embryo |
| embryonic disk | in the blastocyst, the inner layer of cells, which will go on to form the embryo |
| amnion | fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing organism in the womb |
| placenta | in the womb, gatekeeper between mother and fetus, protecting the fetus from bacteria and waste in the mother's blood, and producing hormones that maintain the blood in the uterine lining and cause the mother's breasts to produce milk |
| umbilical cord | structure connecting the placenta to the mother's uterus |
| embryonic period | weeks 3-8 of prenatal development |
| gestation | in prenatal development, elapsed time since conception |
| ectoderm | in the embryonic period, the outer layer of cells, which will eventually become the skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system (brain and spinal cord) |
| mesoderm | in the embryonic period, the middle of the three cell layers, which will become the muscles, bones reproductive system, and circulatory system |
| endoderm | in the embryonic period, the inner layer of cells, which will become the digestive and respiratory systems |
| neural tube | in the embryonic period, the part of the ectoderm that will become the spinal cord and brain |
| neuron | cell of the nervous system |
| neurogenesis | the production of neurons |
| fetal period | in prenatal development, the periods of prenatal development |
| vernix | at birth, babies are covered in an oily substance which protects their skin from chapping in the womb |
| midwife | person who assists in pregnant women's prenatal care and the birth process |
| teratogen | behavior, environment, or bodily condition that can have damaging influence on prenatal development |
| AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | set of problems that occur as a consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, including facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems |
| secondhand smoke | smoke from a cigarette inhaled by those near the smoker |
| down syndrome | genetic disorder due to carrying an extra chromosome on the 21st pair |
| multifactorial | involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors |
| genetic mutation | a permanent alteration of a DNA sequence that makes up a gene |
| techniques of prenatal monitoring | includes ultrasound, maternal blood screening, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which provide the ability to monitor the growth and health of the fetus and detect prenatal problems |
| ultrasound | machine that uses sound waves to produce images of the fetus during pregnancy |
| maternal blood screening | tests for a variety of risk factors, including spina bifida and down syndrome, by examining proteins, hormones, and genetic fragments of DNA from the fetus |
| amniocentesis | prenatal procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw amniotic fluid containing fetal cells from the placenta, allowing possible prenatal problems to be detected |
| chorionic villus sampling | prenatal technique for diagnosing genetic problems, involving taking a sample of cells at 5-10 weeks of gestation by inserting a tube into the uterus |
| infertility | inability to attain pregnancy after at least year of regular sexual intercourse |
| assisted reproductive technologies (ART) | methods for overcoming infertility that include intrauterine insemination, fertility drugs, and IVF |
| intrauterine insemination | procedure of injecting sperm directly into the uterus |
| in vitro fertilization | form of infertility treatment that involves using drugs to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles in the ovaries, removing the follicles and combining them with sperm, then transferring the most promising zygotes to the uterus |
Created by:
AC*
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