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Psychology Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of the mind and behavior | Psychology |
| Private inner experiences. The thoughts and feelings we experience at every moment but that no one else can see | Mind |
| Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals. The "here and now" outcomes. | Behavior |
| Developmental psychologists who studied the impact that discrimination and prejudice had on self-identity. Their work was important in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case and the work to desegregate schools. | Kenneth Clark |
| Studied risk-taking behavior. Made a study w/ risks embedded in a game w/ teen and adult participants and then looked @ overall performance. Hypothesized that teens would take more risks since the frontal lobe isn’t fully developed until 25 but risk-taki | Larry Sternberg |
| 1st African American man to earn a PhD. Began the psychology department at Howard University | Francis Sumner |
| 1st African American woman to earn a PhD | Inez Prosser |
| Served as president of the Association of Black Psychologists 1982-1983. Research on mental health and racial-cultural oppression | Kobe Kambon (aka Joseph Baldwin) |
| Race relations and identity expert | Beverly Tatum |
| WEIRD groups | Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic societies |
| the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn rather than acquired. Supported by Plato and Kant | Nativism |
| Our biological endowment, especially the genes we receive from our parents. Innate, nativist, intuitive, genes, biology | Nuture |
| The view that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from sensory organs. Supported by Locke | Realism |
| The view that perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs. Supported by Kant | Idealism |
| the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience. Supported by Aristotle and Locke | Philosophical Empiricism |
| refers to the wide range of environments, both physical and social, that influence our development. Learned, empiricism, environment, experience, culture. | Nurture |
| French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body | Rene Descartes |
| the body is made of a material substance, the mind is made of an immaterial substance, and every person is therefore a physical container of a nonphysical thing. (Descartes) | Ghost in the machine |
| The view that mind and body are fundamentally different things | Dualism |
| Argued against Descartes. Promoted materialism | Thomas Hobbs |
| the view that all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena (Hobbs) | Materialism |
| studied brain-damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability | Paul Broca |
| Study how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments (William James) | Functionalism |
| Heavily influenced by Darwin & had the idea that the human mind must have evolved. 1st to take a scientific approach to study psychology. Emphasis on how the mind functions. Wider variety of participants. Adaptability and intelligence. Compared individual | Willia, James |
| analyze the mind by breaking it down into its basic components (Wilhelm Wundt) | Structuralism |
| “Father of Psychology” opened the first psychological lab. Thought he could determine the structure of the mind based on people’s subjective experiences | Wilhelm Wundt |
| a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind | Consciousness |
| the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers | Introspection |
| studied human reaction time; established the length of nerve impulse | Hermann von Helmholtz |
| Sensory input from the environment | Stimulus |
| the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus | Reaction time |
| the study of biological processes, especially in the human body | Physiology |
| A loss of function that has no obvious physical origin | Hysteria |
| The part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware | Unconscious |
| unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors | Psychoanalytic theory |
| a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders | Psychoanalysis |
| Believed repressed memories lead to hysteria. Created psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud |
| an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior | Behaviorism |
| Studied stimuli and their response | Ivan Pavolov |
| Popularized behaviorism | John Watson |
| Conducted research on the nature and function of reinforcement | BF Skinner |
| Any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn't won't | The Principle of Reinforcement |
| Adding something in order to increase a response | Positive reinforcement |
| Taking something negative away in order to increase a response | Negative reinforcement |
| Inconsistent response to a behavior, harder to extinguish | Intermittent reinforcement |
| the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and experience | Cognitive psychology |
| a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. (Max Wertheimer) | Gestalt Psychology |
| Argued memory isn’t a simple recording device; rather, our minds use their theories of how the world works to construct our memories of past exerpeiences | Sir Frederic Bartlett |
| the study of the ways in which psychological phenomena change over the life span. (Jean Piaget) | Developmental psychology |
| the study of the causes and consequences of sociality (kurt lewin) | Social psychology |
| lesioned rats’ brains to unsuccessfully localize learning; which lead to physiological psychology | Karl lashley |
| an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes | Behavioral neuroscience |
| the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind (especially in humans) | Cognitive neuroscience |
| a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. Influenced by Darwin, James, and E.O. Wilson | Evolutionary psychology |
| the study of human information processing | Cognitive psychology |
| an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. Pioneered by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers | Humanistic psychology |
| a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior | Social psychology |
| studied “mental chemistry” and obedience in lab experiments | Soloman Asch |
| Studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors | Gordon Allport |
| The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. Studied by psychologists and anthropologists. | Cultural psychology |
| culture makes little difference on psychology | Absolutionism |
| psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures | Relativism |
| Psychologists banded together and formed the ______ in 1892. It began with 7 men. | American Psychological Association (APA) |
| The first female APA president | Mary Calkins |
| the first African American APA president | Kenneth Clark |
Created by:
Tristanuram
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