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3030 ch.1
Science of Child Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was the Greek thinker that believed that children were born with innate knowledge? | Plato |
| Who was the Greek thinker who believed that experience was needed for children to learn? | Aristotle |
| What was the name of the intellectual and philosophical movement in 17th/18th century Europe? | Age of Enlightenment |
| Who was the thinker who created the idea of the Tabula Rasa? | Aristotle |
| What does the term 'Tabula Rasa' mean? | Blank slate |
| Which individual agreed with Aristotle's theory of knowledge? | John Locke |
| Which individual agreed with Plato's theory of knowledge? | Jean Jacques Rousseau |
| Which historical period led to the use of child labor? | Industrial revolution |
| Who is named 'the father of American psychology'? | G. Stanley Hall |
| Who was the first to create mental tests? | Alfred Binet |
| Who was the founder of behaviorism (reward and punishment)? | John B. Watson |
| Areas where research is applied: | Science, family policies, advocating for children |
| What is the name for the idea that child development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body? | Maturational theory |
| What is the name for the idea that development should be viewed from an evolutionary perspective? | Ethological theory |
| What is the name for the time in development when a specific type of learning can take place? | Critical period |
| What is the name for creating an emotional bond with one's mother? | Imprinting |
| What are the 4 biological perspectives on development? | Maturational theory, ethological theory, critical period, imprinting |
| Who was responsible for establishing the psychodynamic theory? | Sigmund Freud |
| What is the name of the idea that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages? | Psychodynamic theory |
| What are Freud's 3 primary components of personality? | Id, ego, superego |
| Which component of personality is a reservoir of primitive instincts and drives? | Id |
| Which component of personality is practical and rational? | Ego |
| Which component of personality is the "moral agent"? | Superego |
| Who created the 8 stages of psychosocial development? | Erik Erikson |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one develop a sense that the world is safe, a "good place"? (birth-1yr) | Basic trust vs. mistrust |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one realize that one is an independent person who can make decisions? (1-3yrs) | Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one develop a willingness to try new things and to handle failure? (3-6yrs) | Initiative vs. guilt |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one learn basic skills and to work with others? (6yrs-adoles.) | Industry vs. inferiority |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one develop a lasting, integrated sense of self? (adoles.) | Identity vs. identity confusion |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one commit to another in a loving relationship? (young adult.) | Intimacy vs. isolation |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one contribute to younger people, through child rearing, child care, or other productive work? (middle adult.) | Generativity vs. stagnation |
| Which stage of psychosocial development does one view one's life as satisfactory and worth living? (late life) | Integrity vs. despair |
| Who came up with operant conditioning? | B.F. Skinner |
| What is the type of learning in which consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated? | Operant conditioning |
| What is the type of learning that is done through a child watching those around them? | Observational learning (imitation) |
| What are the 3 relevant questions for a child to engage in observational learning? | Do they like the person, consequences, self-efficacy |
| Who came up with social cognitive theory? | Albert Bandura |
| Which theory argued that children are likely more likely to imitate behavior based on what rewards/punishments they will recieve? | Social cognitive theory |
| What is the belief that one can do something on their own? | Self-efficacy |
| Which perspective focuses on how children think and how their thinking changes as they grow? | Cognitive-developmental perspective |
| Who came up with the Who believed that children naturally try to make sense of their world? | Jean Piaget |
| Which of the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory is characterized by one's knowledge of the world and is based on senses and motor skills? (birth-2yrs) | Sensorimotor |
| Which of the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory is characterized by one's learning how to use symbols such as words and numbers to represent aspects of the world but relates the world only through his or her perspective? (2-6yrs) | Preoperational |
| Which of the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory is characterized by one's understandings and applies logical operations to experiences provides the experiences are focused on the here and now? (7-11yrs) | Concrete operational |
| Which of the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory is characterized by one's abstract thinking and speculating on hypothetical situations, and reasoning deductively about what may be possible? (adoles.+) | Formal operational |
| What is the term for the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with a group of people? | Culture |
| Which one of the 5 developmental perspectives assumes development is determined primarily by biological forces? | Biological |
| Which one of the 5 developmental perspectives assumes development is determined primarily by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages? | Psychodynamic |
| Which one of the 5 developmental perspectives assumes development is determined primarily by a child's environment? | Learning |
| Which one of the 5 developmental perspectives assumes development reflects children's efforts to understand the world? | Cognitive-developmental |
| Which one of the 5 developmental perspectives assumes development is influenced by immediate and more distant environments, which typically influence each other? | Contextual |
| What is the term for how motivations, values, and beliefs are acquired? | Socialization |
| Who wanted to understand how adults share culture with children and believed that development is impacted by culture and environment? | Lev Vygotsky |
| Which theory considers communities and wider society as influential factors? | Bronfenbrenner ecological systems |
| Which theme in child development research looks at the predictability of development divided into either continuous or discontinuous? | Continuity of development |
| Which theme in child development research looks at the impact of biology vs. environment? | Nature vs. nurture |
| Which theme in child development research looks at what role the child actually has in their development? | The active child |
| What is the term for a child who is believed to be at the mercy of the environment? (Aristotle) | Passive |
| What is the term for a child who is believed to actively influence their own development through their own unique individual characteristics? (Plato) | Active |
| Which type of systematic observation includes observing children as they behave spontaneously in a real-life situation? | Naturalistic |
| Which type of measurement in research involves watching children and carefully recording what they do or say? | Systematic observation |
| Which type of systematic observation includes the researcher creating a setting likely to elicit the behavior of interest? | Structured |
| Which type of measurement in research is done when investigators can't observe a behavior directly? | Sampling behavior with task |
| Which type of measurement includes having children answer questions about the topic of interest? | Self-report |
| What is the issue with self-report measurements that includes children answering questions how they think others want them to answer? | Response bias |
| What is the term used when a measure is consistent over time? | Reliable |
| What is the term used when a measure is really measuring what the researcher intends? | Valid |
| What is the term for broad groups used in research? | Population |
| What is the term for a subset of the population used in research? | Sample |
| Which study design includes investigators looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world? | Correlational |
| Which study design includes elicitly changing variables to see a reaction? | Experimental |
| Which type of experimental research includes researchers manipulating independent variables in a natural setting so that the results are more likely to be representative of behavior in real-world settings? | Field experiment |
| Which type of experiment typically involves examining the impact of an independent variable by using groups that were not created with random assignment? | Quasi-experiment |
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alpsing6
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