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Dev. Psych-Chap 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| human development | ways people grow and change across the life span; includes people's biological, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning |
| culture | total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | in population, the number of births per woman |
| developed countries | world's most economically developed and affluent countries, with the highest median levels of income and education |
| developing countries | countries that have lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are experiencing rapid economic growth |
| individualistic | cultural values such as independence and self expression |
| colllectivistic | cultural values such as obedience and group harmony |
| traditional culture | in developing countries, a rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do |
| globalization | increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication |
| majority culture | within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power |
| contexts | settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development, including SES, gender, and ethnicity, as well as family, school, work, religious institutions, and media |
| socioeconomic status (SES) | person's social class, including education level, income level, and occupational status |
| ethnicity | group identity that may include components such as cultural origin and traditions, race, religion, and language |
| ecological niche | the environmental conditions for which a given species has evolved |
| ontogenetic | typical pattern of individual development in a species |
| phylogenetic | pertaining to the development of a species |
| natural selection | evolutionary process in which the offspring best adapted to their environment survive to produce offspring of their own |
| hominin | evolutionary line that led to modern humans |
| homo sapiens | species of modern humans |
| hunter-gatherer | social and economic system in which economic life is based on hunting (mostly by males) and gathering edible plants (mostly by females) |
| upper paleolithic period | period of human history from 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, when distinct human cultures first developed |
| neolithic period | era of human history from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago, when animals and plants were first domesticated |
| civilization | form of human social life, beginning about 5,000 years ago, that includes cities, writing, occupational specialization, and states |
| state | centralized political system that is an essential feature of a civilization |
| evolutionary psychology | branch of psychology that examines how patterns of human functioning and behavior have resulted from adaptations to evolutionary conditions |
| psychosexual theory | freud's theory proposing that sexual desire is the driving force behind human development |
| psychosocial theory | erikson's theory that human development is driven by the need to become integrated into social and cultural enviroment |
| erikson's stage one | infancy: trust vs mistrust- main developmental challenge is to establish bond with trusted caregiver |
| erikson's stage two | toddlerhood: autonomy vs shame and doubt- main developmental challenge is to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others |
| erikson's stage three | early childhood: initiative vs guilt- main developmental challenge is to initiate activities in a purposeful way |
| erikson's stage four | middle childhood: industry vs inferiority- main developmental challenge is to begin to learn knowledge and skills of culture |
| erikson's stage five | adolescence: identity vs identity confusion- main developmental challenge is to develop a secure and coherent identity |
| erikson's stage six | early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation- main developmental challenge is to establish a committed, long term love relationship |
| erikson's stage seven | middle adulthood: generativity vs stagnation- main developmental challenge is to care for others and contribute to well-being of the young |
| erikson's stage eight | late adulthood: ego integrity vs despair- main developmental challenge is to evaluate lifetime, accept it as it is |
| ecological theory | bronfenbrenner's theory that human development is shaped by five interrelated systems in the social environment |
| bronfenbrenner's microsystem | immediate environment: family, classmates, coworkers, friends, religious leaders |
| bronfenbrenner's mesosystem | network of interconnections between the various systems |
| bronfenbrenner's exosystem | the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development |
| bronfenbrenner's macrosystem | cultural beliefs and values, and the economic and governmental systems that are built on them |
| bronfenbrenner's chronosystem | changes in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes |
| cultural-developmental model | a model for understanding development: 1) humans always develop within a culture 2) it is necessary to study people in diverse cultures for a full understanding of human development 3) today, cultural identities are becoming more complex |
| emerging adulthood | new life stage in developed countries in between adolescence and young adulthood, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work |
| scientific method | process of scientific investigation, involving a series of steps involving a series of steps |
| hypothesis | in the scientific process, a researcher's idea about one possible answer to the question proposed for investigation |
| research measurement | the approach to collecting data |
| research design | the master plan for when, where, and with whom to collect the data for the study |
| sample | subset of population for which data are collected in a scientific study |
| population | in research, the entire category of people represented by a sample |
| procedure | the way a study is conducted and the data are collected |
| peer review | in scientific research, the system of having other scientists review a manuscript to judge its merits and worthiness for publication |
| theory | framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research |
| questionnaire | written questions where participants typically select among answers chosen by the researcher |
| interview | spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers |
| qualitative | data that are collected in nonnumerical form |
| quantitative | data that are collected in numerical form |
| observations | observations and recording of people's behaviors either on video or through written records |
| biological measurments | includes measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity |
| reliability | consistency of measurements across different occasions |
| validity | the extent to which a research measurement assesses what is claims to measure |
| ecological validity | the extent to which there is a fit between the measurement approach and the everyday life of the people being studied |
| experimental design | entails comparing an experimental group that receives a treatment of some kind to a control group that receives no treatment |
| independent variable | the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group |
| dependent variable | the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing the experimental group to the control group |
| intervention | program intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants |
| natural experiment | situation that exists naturally but provides interesting scientific information |
| ethnographic research | research design that involves spending extensive time among the people being studied |
| case study | detailed examination of one person or a small number of people |
| correlational design | data collected on variables on a single occasion |
| correlation | statistical relationship between two variables such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other |
| cross-sectional design | data with people of different ages are collected at a single point of time |
| longitudinal design | the same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions |
| cohort effect | an explanation of group differences among people of different ages based on the fact that they grew up in different cohorts or historical groups |
| informed consent | standard procedure in scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks, and giving them the opportunity to agree to participate or not |
Created by:
AC*
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