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9SemTest(fall22)
9U1, 9U2, 9U3C1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motion | is an object's change in position relative to a reference point |
| reference point | A place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion |
| distance | How far an object moves |
| Displacement | the change in position of an object |
| speed | the distance something travels in a certain amount of time |
| scalars | are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone |
| average speed | the total distance something has traveled divided by the total time it has traveled |
| constant speed | Speed that does not change |
| instantaneous speed | the speed at a certain given moment |
| Velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction |
| Vector | quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction |
| Acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes with time |
| deceleration | negative acceleration |
| meters per second (m/s) | Speed is most commonly measured in |
| seconds | Time is most commonly measured in |
| meters | Distance is most commonly measured in |
| distance/time | formula for speed |
| displacement/time | formula for velocity |
| scalar quantity | What type of quantity is speed? |
| vector quantity | What type of quantity is velocity? |
| Vfinal - Vinitial / time | formula for acceleration |
| meters per second squared (m/s^2) | Acceleration is most commonly measured in |
| something can accelerate by: | speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction |
| eye wash | used if a chemical spills or splashes into your eye |
| shower | used if a chemical is spilled and touches your skin either directly or through clothing |
| thermal mitts | used when handling hot beakers or equipment |
| fire extinguisher | used to put out electrical, chemical, or gas fires |
| fire blanket | used to smother small fires on people or surfaces |
| biological waste | Blood, mold, dead animals, animal waste, or any objects contaminated by these things are considered what kind of waste |
| toxic waste | Anything poisonous, such as chemicals, solutions, or certain cleaning materials are considered what kind of waste |
| radioactive waste | Anything contaminated with radiation is considered what kind of waste |
| flammable waste | Things that can easily catch on fire are considered what kind of waste |
| corrosive chemical waste | Highly corrosive chemicals, such as acids, bases, and old batteries are considered what kind of waste |
| sharp object and glassware | Broken glass or sharp objects such as needles or blades are considered what kind of waste |
| Bacteria | single-cell organisms that have cell walls but no organelles or organize nucleus |
| biological materials | living or once-living materials |
| hot plate | An electrical device used to heat things up. |
| Bunsen burner | open flame fed by gas |
| ring stand | is used to hold up beakers, flasks, and test tubes |
| beaker | An open cylindrical container with a pouring lip; used for mixing larger amounts of substances |
| flask | bottle that has a narrow neck and can be closed with a stopper |
| test tubes | a long glass tube rounded at the end |
| stoppers | rubber tops that fit into the neck of test tubes and flasks |
| test tube brush | used to clean any residue or gunk out of narrow test tubes. |
| stirring rod | a glass stick used for stirring liquids |
| rubber policeman | a flexible rubber piece attached to glass rod facilitates scraping and mixing |
| funnel | used to help cleanly pour liquids from one container to another. |
| microscope | a tool that allows you to see small things up close |
| compound microscope | a light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object |
| graduated cylinder | a narrow cylindrical shape and is used to measure the volume of a liquid. |
| slide | a flat piece of glass or a flat piece of glass with a depression to hold a specimen |
| cover slip | covers specimen on a slide |
| lab report | written record of a scientific investigation |
| Hypothesis | a prediction or proposed explanation that can be tested |
| procedure | a step-by-step list of how to carry out the experiment |
| Precision | how consistent and exact your measurements are |
| Accuracy | how close to the actual value your measurement is |
| Conclusion | The findings of your scientific investigation |
| estimation | a rough guess of a measurement using reason and observation |
| rounding numbers | giving a number a nearby value |
| bias | prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group |
| length | the distance between two points |
| volume | the amount of space something occupies |
| capacity | the maximum amount that something can contain |
| weight | the force exerted by mass |
| mass | the amount of matter in a solid, liquid, or gas |
| density | the amount of matter in a volume |
| Temperature | how hot or cold something is |
| time | the period between two events, or how long something lasted |
| standard notation | the normal way of writing numbers |
| scientific notation | a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power |
| Standard System of Measurement | A measurement system used in the United States. Also called the Imperial System and Customary System. |
| Metric System of Measurement | A worldwide system of measurement based on powers of 10 (SI System) |
| meter | SI base unit for length |
| gram | SI base unit for mass |
| Newton | SI base unit for weight (or force) |
| liter | SI base unit for volume |
| Kelvin | The SI base unit of temperature |
| seconds | SI base unit for time |
| ampere | SI unit of electric current |
| mole (mol) | amount of substance |
| candela (cd) | SI unit for light intensity |
| Meniscus | Curved surface of liquid |
| move decimal to the right | rule for converting a number from scientific notation to standard notation if the exponent is POSITIVE |
| move decimal to the left | rule for converting a number from scientific notation to standard notation if the exponent is NEGATIVE |
| the exponent will be positive | rule for converting a number from standard notation to scientific notation if the number is GREATER than 1 |
| the exponent will be negative | rule for converting a number from standard notation to scientific notation if the number is LESS than 1 |
| L x W x H (length x width x height) | volume |
| water displacement | What do you do to find the volume of an irregular solid? |
| mass divided by volume | density |
| bottom of the meniscus | Where do you look to take a volume reading of a liquid in a graduated cylinder? |
| 1.0 | What is water's approximate density? |
| procedure | a step-by-step list of how to carry out the experiment |
| control | a trial where all variables are held constant and is used as a standard of comparison for you experiment |
| constants | all the variables in an experiment that remain the same |
| independent variable | a variable that you change in a experiment on purpose |
| tables | data be presented in rows and columns |
| Infer | the use of evidence to draw conclusions about things you may not have directly observed |
| engineering | the branch of science that studies the design, building, and use of machines and structures to solve real-world problems |
| Design specifications | the requirements that an engineer must fulfill in his or her design |
| constraints | restrictions or limitations (can be physical, social, or financial) in a design |
| prototype | a preliminary model that can be easily adjusted |
| Variable | A factor that can change in an experiment |
| dependent variable | a variable whose value depends on that of another, the results of your experiment |
| line graph | A graph that uses line segments to show the relationship between two variables |
| scatter plot | A graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data. |
| ordered pairs | pairs of numbers that can be used to locate a point |
| line of best fit | a line drawn on a scatter plot to fit most of the dots and shows the relationship between the two sets of data |
| bar graph | A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data |
| circle graph | A graph of data where the entire circle represents the whole or 100% |
| Background Research | finding out what is known before experimenting |
| Design Statement | A statement that briefly describes the design goals and needs of stakeholders. |
| Histogram | A graph that uses vertical bars to display data but groups numbers into ranges |
| Engineering Design Process | the steps that engineers use to design something to solve a problem |
| life science | study of all living things like, like plans, animals, and even single-cell organisms |
| physical science | all about matter and energy, the most basic building blocks of the universe |
| earth science | deals with earth and space-things like planets, stars, and rocks |
| scientific method | the strategy used for scientific investigations |
| hypothesis | a prediction or proposed explanation that can be tested |
| observation | using all of your senses and scientific instruments to describe a thing or event |
| Conclusion | the findings of your scientific investigation |
| Quantitative data | information or data that is based on countable measurements of something |
| Qualitative data | information based on the qualities of something |
| Measurement | something that has both a number and a unit |
| a globe is an example of | Physical Model |
| a weather simulation is an example of | computer model |
| an equation is an example of | mathematical model |
| a law | something that describes what happens under certain conditions |
| a theory | an explanation of why something happens, based on years of testing and observations |
| science | knowledge gained from using observations and experiments to describe and explain the world around us |
| model | A representation of something that's too small , too big, or too expensive to observe in real life |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| atom | smallest unit of matter |
| positive | The nucleus of an atom has a net ______ charge. |
| proton | positively charged particles |
| neutron | electrically neutral particles, which means they have no charge |
| electron | negatively charged particles with almost no mass |
| John Dalton | developed modern atomic theory |
| atomic theory of atoms | a theory that states that all matter is made of atoms that cannot be divided or destroyed |
| Sir Joseph John Thomson | discovered the presence of electrons |
| Ernest Rutherford | discovered the nucleus |
| Sir James Chadwick | discovered the neutron |
| properties | characteristics used to describe an object |
| physical properties | the characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance |
| boiling point | temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to gas |
| freezing point | the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid |
| magnetism | a property of some materials in which there is a force of repulsion or attraction between certain like and unlike poles |
| solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another |
| color | the quality of an object or substance with respect to the reflection of light |
| size | an object's overall dimensions |
| volume | the amount of space something occupies |
| density | the amount of matter in a given space |
| intensive property | a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present |
| extensive property | a physical property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample |
| chemical properties | the characteristics of a substance that determine how it will react with other substances. |
| Reactivity | the property that describes the likelihood of a substance combines chemically with other substances |
| toxicity | the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful |
| Flammability | a substance's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen |
| combustibility | the ability of a substance to burn in air |
| physical change | a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties |
| chemical change | a change in matter that produces one or more new substances |
| exothermic reaction | a reaction that releases energy in the form of heat |
| endothermic reaction | a reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat |
| conservation of mass | the amount of mass at the start of a reaction will equal the amount of mass after the reaction |
| reactant | substance that is changed in a physical or chemical reaction |
| product | the resulting substance of a physical or chemical reaction |
| molecule | a group of atoms bonded together |
| solid | matter that has a definite shape and volume |
| liquid | free-flowing and assume the shape of the container that holds them |
| gas | A state of matter with no definite shape or volume |
| compressibility | a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure |
| viscosity | the resistance to flow |
| friction | a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact |
| melting | when matter changes from solid to liquid |
| freezing | when matter changes from a liquid to solid |
| vaporization | when liquid turns to vapor |
| condensation | when a vapor turns to liquid |
| sublimation | when solids can change directly to vapors |
| deposition | when vapors sometimes change directly into solids |
| nucleus | the center of an atom, formed by protons and neutrons |
| elements | one type of atom |
| periodic table | table of all of the elements |
| chemical symbol | one or two letters that represent an element |
| atomic number | the number of protons an atom contains |
| atomic mass | the average mass of a typical atom of that element |
| period | a row of elements across the periodic table |
| group | a column of elements in the periodic table |
| Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev | was a Russian scientist, invented the periodic table in 1869 |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
| neutral element | element that has the same number of protons and electrons, no charge |
| ion | a charged atom |
| molecules | two or more atoms combined |
| molecular compound | molecules combined with other molecules |
| diatomic molecule | a molecule containing only two atoms |
| chemical bond | the force that holds two atoms together |
| valance electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level |
| pure substance | a substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties. |
| mixture | A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined |
| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture in which components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture |
| homogeneous mixture | A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved into the other substance |
| solvent | the substance into which the solute dissolves |
| solubility | the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance |
| concentration | the amount of solute contained in a solution |
| concentrated solution | a solution containing a large amount of solute |
| diluted solution | a solution that contains a small amount of solute |
| fluid | Any substance that can flow; liquids and vapors |
| pressure | the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface |
| pressure formula | force / area |
| proportional | pressure is __________ to both force and area. |
| Colloids | mixtures that are halfway between a solution and a suspension |
| Suspension | heterogeneous mixtures in which particles do not dissolve and are not evenly distributed |
Created by:
Ms. Greenup
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