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Psychology
Psychology for Two or More
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others |
| Attitudes | Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept |
| Central Route Processing | Message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade |
| Peripheral Route Processing | Message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself |
| Cognitive Dissonance | The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts (referred to as cognitions) |
| Social Cognition | The cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves |
| Schemas | Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled; sets of cognitions about people and social experiences |
| Central Traits | The major traits considered in forming impressions of others |
| Attribution Theory | The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual’s behavior, what the specific causes of that person’s behavior are |
| Situational Causes (of Behavior) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors |
| Dispositional Causes (of Behavior) | Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors |
| Halo Effect | A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics |
| Assumed-Similarity Bias | The tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself, even when meeting them for the first time |
| Self-Serving Bias | The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | A tendency to overattribute others’ behavior to dispositional causes and minimize the importance of situational causes |
| Social Influence | The process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others |
| Conformity | A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people |
| Compliance | Behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure |
| Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology | The branch of psychology focusing on work- and job-related issues, including worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity |
| Obedience | A change in behavior in response to the commands of others |
| Stereotype | A set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members |
| Prejudice | A negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members |
| Discrimination | Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group |
| Interpersonal Attraction (or Close Relationships) | The area of social psychology that addresses the factors that lead to positive feelings for others |
| Passionate (or Romantic) Love | A state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another |
| Companionate Love | The strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved |
| Aggression | The intentional injury of, or harm to, another person |
| Catharsis | The process of discharging built-up aggressive energy |
| Prosocial Behavior | Helping behavior |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The belief that responsibility for intervening is shaped, or diffused, among those present |
| Altruism | Helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice |
| Stress | A person’s response to events that are threatening or challenging |
| Cataclysmic Events | Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once (e.g., natural disasters) |
| Personal Stressors | Major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate consequences that generally fade with time |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include reexperiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams |
| Background Stressors | Everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events |
| Psychophysiological Disorders | Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | A theory developed by Hans Selye that suggests that a person’s response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion |
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) | The study of the relationships among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain |
| Coping | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | People try to manage their emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem |
| Problem-Focused Coping | attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress |
| Avoidant Coping | person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes, such as drug use, alcohol use, and overeating; usually results in a postponement of dealing with a stressful situation, and this often makes the problem even worse |
| Learned Helplessness | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled—a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence |
| Resilience | the ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound adversity |
| Social Support | A mutual network of caring, interested others |
Created by:
KaleighMichelle
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