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Chapter 2
Radiation: Types, Sources, and Doses Received
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object (i.e., patient's body tissue) | absorbed dose (D) |
| Caused by ionizing radiation ejecting electrons from the atoms, composing the tissue | biologic damage |
| Damage caused by radiation interaction at the atomic level leading to abnormal cell function or even complete loss of cell function | cellular damage |
| Quantity that is used for radiation protection purposes to provide a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation | effective dose (EfD) |
| Radiation composed of interacting, varying electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space at the speed of light | electromagnetic radiation |
| The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves | electromagnetic spectrum |
| Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays | electromagnetic wave |
| A radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation | equivalent dose (EqD) |
| Ionizing radiation created by humans for various uses, including nuclear fuel for generation of power, consumer products containing radioactive material, air travel security, and medical radiation | human-made, or artificial, radiation |
| The conversion of a neutral atom to a charged entity, called an ion, by removing one or more electrons from the atom or, in some cases by adding an electron to a neutral atom | ionization |
| Atoms that have the same number of protons within the nucleus but have different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
| Most common unit of measure of absorbed dose | milligray (mGy) |
| Most common unit of measure of EqD | millisievert (mSv) |
| Ionizing radiation from environmental sources, including radioactive materials in the earth, cosmic radiation from space, and radionuclides deposited in the human body via the food chain | natural background radiation |
| Damage that results from nonnegligible exposure to ionizing radiation (i.e., changes in blood count) | organic damage |
| Form of radiation that includes alpha particles (nuclei of helium), beta particles (electrons), neutrons and protons | particulate radiation |
| Energy that passes from one location to another; a transfer of energy that results from either a change occurring naturally within an atom or a process caused by the interaction of a particle with an atom | radiation |
| The amount of energy per unit mass transferred to atoms in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation is the basis of this concept | radiation dose |
| Naturally occurring process in which unstable nuclei relieve that instability by various types of spontaneous nuclear emissions, one of which is the emission of charged particles | radioactive decay |
| Isotopes of a particular element that are unstable because of their neutron-proton configuration | radioisotope |
| An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve stability | radionuclides |
| The first decay product of radium; a colorless, odorless, heavy radioactive gas that, along with its own decay products, is always present to some degree in the air | radon |
| What does the letter "c" represent? | speed of light |
| What does the letter "v" represent? | frequency |
| Wavelength is represented by what symbol? | λ (lamda) |
| What two categories can the electromagnetic spectrum be divided into? | ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation |
| On the electromagnetic spectrum, which radiations are classified as ionizing radiations? | x-rays, gamma rays, and UV radiation greater than 10 eV |
| On the electromagnetic spectrum, which radiations are classified as non-ionizing radiations? | UV radiation less than 10 eV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radio waves |
| What radiations are classified as particulate radiation? | alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and protons |
| Beta rays that are identical to high-speed electrons except for their origin | beta particles |
| A radiation oncology treatment machine that produces high-speed (high energy) electrons | linear accelerator |
| Positively charged components of an atom | proton |
| Electrically neutral components of an atom | neutron |
| What are examples of natural radiation? | radon, cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation, and internal radiation from radioactive atoms |
| What are examples of human-made radiation? | consumer products, occupations, air travel, and nuclear power |
| What are examples of medical imaging radiation? | CT, radiography, and interventional procedures |
| The amount of radiation received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms of: | entrance skin exposure (ESE) to include skin and glandular dose, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose |
| According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), what type of radiation contributes to the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S.? | radon |
| What is the average annual contribution of human-made radiation exposure per person in the U.S. as of 2016? | 0.1 mSv |
| Which type of cancer continues to be the main adverse health effect of Chernobyl? | thyroid cancer |
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setelinea
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