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Psych Unit 7
Module 34-36
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
| Aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). |
| Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. |
| Babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. |
| Belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Broca’s Area | helps control language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contrary evidence. |
| Convergent thinking | narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| Creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
| Deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
| Divergent thinking | expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions |
| encoding specificity principle | the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| Episodic memory | explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems |
| Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. |
| Flashbulb memory | a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. |
| Grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
| Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. |
| Insight | a sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem. |
| Intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
| Linguistic determintaion | the strong form of Whorf's hypothesis—that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us |
| Memory consolidation | the neural storage of a long-term memory |
| Mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
| Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. |
| One word stage | the stage in speech development, from about, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
| Over confidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
| Phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
| Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories. |
| reconsolidation | a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again |
| Representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. |
| Semantics | the set of rules used in grammar by which we derive meaning from the sentence. |
| Shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| Syntax | the rules used in grammar for combining words and the order of words for the sentence to make sense. |
| Telegraphic Speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs. |
| Two word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. |
| Wernicke’s Area | a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
| linguistic influence | the weaker form of "linguistic relativity"—the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language). |
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Cfolan15
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