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AP Psych Cognition
Memory, Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Language
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier without any cues, as on a fill in the blank test |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
| Relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| Encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system |
| Storage | the process of retaining information over time |
| Retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Parallel Processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short-Term Memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Long-Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory storehouse; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| Working Memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory |
| Explicit/Declarative Memory | retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and well-learned information like the meaning of a word |
| Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection |
| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Testing Effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information |
| Shallow Processing | encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words |
| Deep Processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention |
| Semantic Memory | explicit memory of facts or general knowledge |
| Episodic Memory | explicit memory of personally experienced events |
| Memory Consolidation | the neural storage of long-term memory |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant event |
| Long-Term Potentiation | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Priming | the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| Mood-Congruent/State-Dependent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our mood |
| Serial Position Effect | our tendency to recall best that first and last items in a list |
| Primary Effect | the enhanced ability to recall items from the beginning of a list |
| Recency Effect | the enhanced ability to recall items from the end of a list |
| Anterograde Amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| Retrograde Amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| Proactive Interference | that forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of past information |
| Repression | the basic defense mechanism from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Reconsolidation | a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are altered before being restored |
| Misinformation Effect | occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined |
| Cerebellum | "little brain", forms and stores our conditioned responses |
| Basal Ganglia | controls movement, forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills |
| Retrieval-Induced Forgetting | occurs when we have many memories associated with a cue but selectively rehearse only one or two of these memories |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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