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PTA 211 Exam 1
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pharmacologic ____ is one drug blocking the ability of another to bind and be utilized in the body | antagonism |
| pharmacologic ___ is two drugs with similar actions combining to cause a greater response than the sum of each individually | synergism |
| common symptoms of over-medication include: (9) | postural hypotension fatigue/weakness dementia movement disorders depression anticholinergic reactions (sweating, blurred vision, dry mouth, rash, flushing) confusion incontinence dizziness |
| what percent of all people will develop Parkinson's before the age of 50? | 4% |
| what percent of people over the age of 60 develop Parkinson's? | 2-4% |
| what causes Parkinson's? | degeneration of dopamine secreting hormones and increase in ACh |
| gait changes seen with Parkinson's include: (11) | forward COG small BOS excessive hip flexion during stance phase dec. ROM throughout cycle little/no pelvic rotation, tilt stiff turning shuffling gait festinating gait no toe or heel off little/no arm swing inc. lateral weight shift w/ wide BOS |
| difficulties with speech seen with Parkinson's include: (3) | rigidity with muscles around the mouth difficulty swallowing quiet voice |
| ___ tremors are seen in the early stage of Parkinson's, and develop to ___ tremors in later stages | intention tremors initially constant tremors later |
| an early sign of Parkinson's is a lack of ___ or ___ while shaking hands | general looseness or opposition of the thumb |
| tightness in the ___, ___ and ___ occurs with Parkinson's | hip flexors plantarflexors neck rotators |
| decreased strength in the ___, ___ and ___ occurs with Parkinson's | hip extensors dorsi/plantarflexors trunk extensors |
| postural changes seen with Parkinson's include: (4) | forward head rounded shoulders kyphosis increased hip/knee flexion |
| cardiopulmonary impairments seen with Parkinson's include: (3) | decreased chest expansion increase HR and BP increased fatigue and orthostatic hypotension (tend to hold breath/valsalva with movement) |
| neurologic impairments seen with Parkinson's include: (7) | rigidity, resting tremor, flushing, drooling difficulty with changing walking surfaces balance impairment bradykinesia retropulsion gait disturbances swallowing difficulties |
| stage ___ Parkinson's is characterized by minimal impairment; no function impairment; unilateral involvement only | 1 |
| stage ___ Parkinson's is characterized by bilateral involvement; no balance impairments; development of some rigidity and intention tremors | 2 |
| stage ___ Parkinson's is characterized by moderate disabilities; some loss of righting reactions and unsteadiness with turns | 3 |
| stage ___ Parkinson's is characterized by moderate to severe disability; can walk unassisted but is not stable | 4 |
| stage ___ Parkinson's is characterized by severe disability; confined to a bed or wheelchair; hospice often involved at this point | 5 |
| ___ is an impairment in brain functioning resulting in problems with memory and judgement | dementia |
| memory and intellectual losses seen with dementia include: (6) | confusion and disorientation changes in abstract thinking no longer aware of social niceties problems with higher order functioning exaggerated personality problems with personal hygeine |
| [reality/validation] is used when a person is coming out of surgery and is confused and needs to be reoriented, or for HI patients, etc. | reality |
| [reality/validation] is used for Alzheimer's and other dementia patients, as attempting to reorient them can lead to frustration and sadness | validation |
| ___ is the most common form of dementia | Alzheimer's |
| ___dementia is caused by multiple, little TIAs; often have a sudden deterioration and may be area specific | vascular |
| physical disorders that may result in dementia include: (3) | diabetes brain tumors AIDS (very common) |
| dementia caused by ___ or ___ can reverse or improve, if caught early | substance abuse or physical disorders |
| causes of dementia-like secondary symptoms include: (3) | reaction to medication physical illness delirium and depression |
| ___ is a progressive, irreversible brain disease of the CNS, characterized by a slow, gradual decline in function, memory, and judgement | Alzheimer's |
| Alzheimer's is age ___, but not age ___ | age related, not age dependent |
| average life expectancy following the onset of Alzheimer's is ___ | 8-10 years |
| treatment for Alzheimer's includes: (4) | medication caregiver training behavior modification family support/education |
| the ___ phase of Alzheimer's occurs in the first 2-4 years of onset; characterized by difficulty concentrating, moodiness, poor judgement, problems with social adaptations | early |
| the ___ phase of Alzheimer's is characterized by worsening judgement, needing help making decisions/ performing tasks, less sociable, difficulty sleeping, wandering, language difficulties, path-finding difficulties; may not recognize friends | middle |
| the ___ phase of Alzheimer's is characterized by incontinence, getting lost easily, needing assistance with simple tasks, flat affect, diminished ambulatory ability, inability to swallow; may be unable to use language | late |
| strategies for treating Alzheimer's patients include: (6) | allow enough time for communication demonstrate visually use eye contact and touch – very fearful, approach from the front eliminate visual/auditory distractions speak directly to their face caregiver support |
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