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Psychology
Psychological Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abnormal Behavior | Behavior that causes people to experience distress and hinders them from functioning in their daily lives |
| Medical Perspective | The view that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of a psychological disorder, the root cause will be found in a physical problem, deficiency, or brain injury |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | The view that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression |
| Behavioral Perspective | The view that looks at the behavior itself as the problem |
| Cognitive Perspective | The view that suggests that people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior |
| Humanistic Perspective | The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior |
| Sociocultural Perspective | The perspective that assumes that society and culture shape abnormal behavior |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) | A system, devised by the American Psychiatric Association, used by most professionals to classify and define psychological disorders |
| Anxiety Disorder | The occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning |
| Panic Disorder | Anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | A disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions |
| Obsession | A persistent unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring |
| Compulsion | An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable |
| Somatic Symptom Disorders | Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is no medical cause |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder | A somatic symptom disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health |
| Conversion Disorders | A major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or a leg |
| Dissociative Disorders | Psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person’s personality that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance through escape |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | A disorder in which a person displays characteristics (features) of two or more distinct personalities; once called multiple personality disorder |
| Dissociative Amnesia | A disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs |
| Dissociative Fugue | A form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity |
| Mood Disorders | A disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability |
| Mania | An extended state of intense, wild elation |
| Bipolar Disorder | A disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression |
| Schizophrenia | A class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs |
| Personality Disorder | A disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | A disorder in which individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | A personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance |
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | A disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | A severe developmental disability that impairs one’s ability to communicate and relate to others |
| Psychotherapy | Psychologically based treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth |
| Biomedical Therapy | Biologically based therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning |
| Psychodynamic Therapy | Therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud’s form of psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden thoughts and feelings from the unconscious part of our minds in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior |
| Transference | The transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient’s parents or other authority figures |
| Behavioral Treatment Approaches | Treatment approaches that make use of the basic principles of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior |
| Aversive Conditioning | A form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior |
| Systematic Desensitization | A behavioral technique based on classical conditioning in which exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with deep relaxation to reduce or eliminate anxiety |
| Flooding | A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear |
| Cognitive Treatment Approaches | Treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Approach | A treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think |
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy | A form of therapy that attempts to restructure a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior |
| Humanistic Therapy | Therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems |
| Person-Centered Therapy | Therapy in which the goal is to reach one’s potential for self-actualization |
| Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) | Short-term therapy designed to help patients control their moods and emotions by focusing on the context of their current social relationships |
| Group Therapy | Therapy in which people meet with a therapist to discuss problems with a group |
| Family Therapy | An approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics |
| Spontaneous Remission | Recovery without treatment |
| Drug Therapy | Treatment of psychological disorders through the use of drugs that alter the operations of neurons and neurotransmitters in the brain and body |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | Drugs that temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions |
| Antidepressant Drugs | Medications that improve a severely depressed patient’s mood and feeling of well-being |
| Mood Stabilizers | Drugs used to treat mood disorders that prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder |
| Antianxiety Drugs | Drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences, essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | A procedure used in the treatment of severe depression in which an electric current of 70 to 150 volts is briefly administered to a patient’s head |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | A depression treatment in which a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain |
| Psychosurgery | Brain surgery once used to reduce the symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today |
| Community Psychology | A branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community |
| Deinstitutionalization | The transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community |
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KaleighMichelle
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