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Psychology 9
9 Motivation and Emotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| • Need | Internal deficiency; causes a drive to fulfil the need |
| • Response | Action or series of actions designed to attain a goal |
| • Goal | Target of motivated behaviour; something to work towards |
| • Drive | A state of tension or arousal caused by bodily needs |
| • Primary drive | Unlearned drive, such as hunger, based on a physiological state |
| • Secondary drive | Learned drive, such as ambition |
| • Sex drive | Strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviour |
| • Estrus | Changes in sex drives in animals, which creates a desire for sex; ie. females in heat |
| • Estrogen | A female sex hormone |
| • Androgens | Male hormones |
| • Sex is a non-homeostatic drive | It is independent of bodily need states or physical deprivation cycles |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | • If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance |
| • Arousal theory | Assumes people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal |
| • Sensation seeking | Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation |
| • Opponent-process theory | Strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state |
| • Need for achievement | Desire to meet some internal standard of excellence |
| • Need for affiliation | Motivation to be with others |
| • Need for power | Desire to have social impact or control over others |
| • Hierarchy of human needs | Maslow’s ordering of needs is based on some needs being more powerful than others and thus will influence a person’s behaviour to a greater degree |
| • Basic needs | First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy |
| • Intrinsic motivation | Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity |
| • Extrinsic motivation | Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors |
| • Emotional expressions | State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings. Outward signs of what a person is feeling |
| • Emotional feelings | Private emotional experience |
| • Physiological changes (in emotions) | Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses |
| • Sympathetic branch | Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action |
| • Parasympathetic branch | Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy |
| • Polygraph | Device that records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); known as a lie detector |
| • Irrelevant questions | Neutral, non-threatening, non-emotional questions in a polygraph test |
| • Relevant questions | Questions to which only someone guilty should react |
| • Control questions | Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever taken any office supplies?”) |
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | • Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion | • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion |
| Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion (Cognitive Theory) | • To experience emotion, one must • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal |
Created by:
Chloeombre
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