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Psychology 8
8 States of Consciousness
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| • Consciousness | All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant |
| • Waking consciousness | Normal, clear alert awareness |
| • Altered state of consciousness (ASC) | Changes that occur in quality and pattern of mental activity; different from waking consciousness |
| • Sleep patterns | Daily rhythms of sleep and waking |
| • Sleep-deprivation psychosis | Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations that occur because of sleep loss |
| • Electroencephalograph (EEG) | Brain-wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain |
| • Alpha waves | Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep |
| • Beta waves | Small, fast waves associated with alertness and wakefulness |
| • Delta waves | High amplitude waves associated with sleep with a frequency of between 0-4 hertz. |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement ,associated with dreaming |
| • Insomnia | Difficulty in getting to sleep, frequent nighttime awakenings, or waking too early |
| • Drug-dependency insomnia | Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills |
| • Temporary insomnia | Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement |
| • Chronic insomnia | Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks |
| • Sleepwalking (somnambulism) | Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and REM |
| • Sleeptalking | Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep |
| • Nightmares | Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep |
| • Imagery rehearsal | Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares |
| • Night terrors | Total panic occurs; hallucinations may occur during deep sleep |
| • Sleep apnea | Repeated interruption during sleep. Produces loud snoring with short silences and gasps for breath |
| • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS; Crib Death) | Sudden, unexplained death of healthy infant (infants should sleep on their back to prevent it) |
| • Narcolepsy | Sudden, irresistible sleep attacks |
| • Psychodynamic (Freudian) theory | Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces |
| • Wish fulfillment | Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires |
| • Dream symbols | Images in dreams that have a deeper symbolic meaning |
| • Manifest | Obvious, visible meaning of dream, what the dreamer remembers about the dream |
| • Latent | The hidden, unconscious meaning of the dream |
| • Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis | Random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre dreams by higher brain centers |
| • Neurocognitive Dream Theory | Dreams reflect everyday working thoughts and emotions |
| • Lucid Dreaming | Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action |
| • Hypnotic susceptibility | How easily a person can be hypnotized – people who are imaginative and prone to fantasy are often responsive to hypnosis |
| • Basic suggestion effect | Tendency of hypnotized people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary |
| • Concentrative meditation | You attend to a single focal point, object, or thought |
| • Mindfulness meditation | Based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment |
| • Psychoactive drug | Substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception |
| • Stimulant | Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system |
| • Depressant | Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system |
Created by:
Chloeombre
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