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Psych Unit 7
Modules 31-33
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information. |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier Ex. fill-in-the-blank test. |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned Ex. As on a multiple choice test. |
| Relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system. |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time. |
| Retrieval | the process of getting formation out of memory |
| Parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously |
| Spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice. |
| Testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. |
| Shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| Deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
| Semantic memory | The encoding of meaning. |
| Episodic memory | explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems |
| Hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Cerebellum | the back of the brain that stores implicit memories. |
| Memory consolidation | the neural storage of a long-term memory |
| Sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly Ex. Such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing. |
| Long term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experience |
| Working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information |
| Explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare. |
| Effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| Flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
| Long term potentiation | an increase in a synapses' firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception. |
| Encoding specificity principle | the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| Mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| Serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
| Anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories. |
| Primacy Effect | Remembering items at the beginning of a list. |
| Recency Effect | Remembering items at the end of a list. |
| Retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past. |
| Automatic processing | unconscious encoding of the incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information. |
| Implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection- memory of how to do something, Ex. such as riding a bike |
| Iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| Echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds. |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Proactive interference | the disruptive effect of old information on new information. |
| Retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of old information on new information. |
| Repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
| Reconsolidation | a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again |
| Misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
| Source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| Deja vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
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Cfolan15
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