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Modules 34-36
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cognition | all the mental actives associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
| protoype | a mental image or best example of a category |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their available; if instances comes readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct---to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area |
| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| Broca's area | controls language expression---an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| grammar | in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word (such as a prefix) |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram---"go car"---using mostly nouns and verbs |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
| Wernicke's area | controls language reception--- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
Created by:
margaret_05
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