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Psych Unit 8
Motivations and Emotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. |
| Instinct | A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
| Homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
| Incentive | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before high-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
| Optimal Arousal Theory | States that some motivated behaviors increase arousal to the perfect level. |
| Glucose | The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger. |
| Set Point | The point at which an individuals "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight. |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| Sexual Response Cycle | The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson -- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| Refractory Period | A resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. (can last a minute to a day in men) |
| Sexual Dysfunction | A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. |
| Estrogens | Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. |
| Testosterone | The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sec characteristics during puberty. |
| Emotions | A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. |
| James-Lange Theory | The theory that our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. |
| Two-Factor Theory | The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused (2) cognitively label the arousal. |
| Polygraph | A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion. |
| Facial Feedback Effect | The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. |
| Health Psychology | A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. |
| Stress | The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
| General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
| Tend-and-Befriend Response | Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others. |
| Psychophysiological Illness | Literally, "mind-body" illness'; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together effect the immune system and resulting health. |
| Lymphocytes | The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system. |
| B Lymphocytes | Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections |
| T Lymphocytes | Form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |
| Coronary Heart Disease | The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle, the leading cause of death in many developed countries. Caused by stress. |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
Created by:
emag
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