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Core Chapter 5
Pesticide Hazards and First Aid
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain what an acute effect is in relation to pesticide application. | A measure of harm caused by a single, one-time exposure event; occur shortly after exposure, usually within 24 hours. |
| What is acute system toxicity? | The measure of illness or death resulting from a change in critical body function in a test animal. The common method used for comparing acute toxicity is the LD50, or lethal dose 50%. |
| How do some pesticides cause acute effects and what are some examples? | Their corrosive or irritant properties can result in respiratory, skin, or eye irritation or damage; may cause severe burns or permanent blindness |
| How are chronic effects of pesticides determined? | Subjecting test animals to long-term exposure to an active ingredient. Length of exposure is typically two years (lifetime for these animals). Harmful effects that occur from small, repeated doses over time are termed chronic effects. |
| What does the general range of suspected chronic effects from pesticide exposure include? | Genetic changes, noncancerous or cancerous tumors, reproductive effects, infertility, fetal toxicity, miscarriages, birth defects, blood disorders, never disorders, and hormonal and endocrine-mediated diseases. |
| What are manufacturers required to do if a product causes chronic effects in lab animals? | Include chronic toxicity warning statements on the product label |
| What is the Globally Harmonized System? | An international system for hazard communication that helps ensure more consistency in the classification and labeling of all chemicals, thereby improving and simplifying hazard communication. |
| What is required to be on DANGER - POISON labels? | A skull and crossbones prominently displayed, red letters |
| What are the specifications for something being labeled DANGER - POISION and what is the hazard class? | Lethal toxicity may be based on oral, dermal, or inhalation expsoure, depending on which exposure route presents the greatest risk for that particular product As little as a few drops taken orally could be fatal to a 150-pound person Hazard class I |
| What does the DANGER label indicate and what is the hazard class? | Danger indicates the potential for permanent or severe damage to skin, eyes, or lungs - contact effects are more dangerous than the acute systemic toxicity of the product. Hazard class I. |
| What part of the body is most commonly damaged by products labeled DANGER? | Eyes - several products carry warnings of concern about the products' ability to cause irreversible eye damage at low exposures. |
| Which two words must you have on a WARNING label? | WARNING and AVISO |
| What does the WARNING label indicate about the product and what is the hazard class? | It is moderately toxic - 1 teaspoonful to 1 ounce of this material could be fatal to a 150-pound person. Concern could be due to contact injury to skin, eyes, or respiratory tract. Hazard class II. |
| What is true about the WARNING label regarding how the product may effect someone? | WARNING word alone does not indicate whether the concern is systemic, contact, or both. |
| What does the CAUTION label indicate about the product and what is the hazard class? | The product is slightly toxic. Acute toxicity may be systemic or contact in nature. Contact effects are generally irritation of eyes, skin, or respiratory tract. Hazard class III. |
| The capacity of a pesticide to cause short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) injury is referred to as its: | Toxicity |
| For which class(es) of pesticides might cholinesterase monitoring be appropriate? | Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. |
| What happens to pesticides once inside the body? | The kidneys filter them from the blood into the urine. |
| What is a symptom of heatstroke? | Lack of sweat when it would otherwise be present. |
| What is the importance of cholinesterase monitoring? | Cholinesterase is an enzyme necessary for proper nerve impulse transmission and nervous system function. If the amount of this enzyme drops too low, which can occur with pesticide exposure, nerve impulses throughout the body can no longer be controlled. |
| What is the first thing you should do if oral or dermal exposure has occurred? | Rinse the exposed area with clean water to dilute the pesticide and prevent absorption. |
| What should you do if chemical burns have occurred after pesticide exposure? | After thoroughly and gently cleaning the area, cover the area loosely with a clean, soft cloth. Do not use ointments, greases, powders, and other medications unless instructed to do so by a medical authority. |
| How long should you rinse an eye after pesticide exposure? | 15 minutes, ensuring not to contaminate the other eye. |
| What should you do if pesticide has been inhaled? | Get to fresh air immediately. If you are with a victim, carry them to fresh air - do not allow them to walk - and have them lie down, loosening their clothing. Keep them warm and quiet. Keep their chin up to ensure air passages are open for breathing. |
| What should you do if pesticide enters someone's mouth but is not swallowed? | Rinse the mouth with plenty of water then give a large amount (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to drink. |
| What should you do if pesticide enters someone's mouth and is swallowed? | Induce vomiting, only if the label instructs you to do so, unless the victim is unconscious or having convulsions or has swallowed a corrosive poison, an emulsifiable concentrate, or oil solution product. |
| Describe the difference between local and system effects. | Local effects are those that occur in the area of contact. Local effects are often referred to as contact symptoms or effects. Systemic effects may occur once the substance is absorbed and distributed throughout the body. They may be acute or chronic. |
| Give examples of contact symptoms after skin, eye, and respiratory exposure. | Skin: Itching, redness, rashes, blisters, burns, and discoloration; dermatitis (herbicides & fungicides); blisters (fumigants) Eye: Swelling, stinging, and burning Nose, Mouth, Throat: Swelling, stinging, burning; permanent damage may occur. |
| What are systemic effects dependent on? | The toxicological profile of the chemical itself, the amount absorbed, and the individual's ability to detoxify and eliminate the chemical. |
| What are some examples of systemic effects? | Cholinesterase inhibition damage to nerves Impairment of the blood's clotting ability Some cancers Reproductive problems Impaired metabolism Hormonal effects Damage to various organ systems, such as the kidneys or liver |
| What are some symptoms of an allergic reaction to a pesticide? | Dermatitis, blisters, hives, or more serious problems such as asthma or life-threatening shock. Red and/or itchy eyes, respiratory discomfort, and asthma-like effects. |
| What are the most absorbent areas of the body? | Warm, moist areas such as the groin, armpits, head, neck, backs of the hands, and tops of the feet. Cuts, abrasions, and skin rashes can increase absorption. |
Created by:
Ashley_MSNEMN
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