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Module 27
UNIT 4 Operant Conditioning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Operant Chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of or pressing or key pecking. |
| Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Discriminative Stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). |
| Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |
| Reinforcement Schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | reinforcing that desired response every time it occurs. |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. |
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