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Module 11
UNIT 2 Studying the Brain, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lesion | tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. |
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons.) |
| MEG (magnetoencephalography) | a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity. (A head coil records magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical currents.) |
| CT (computed tomography) Scan | a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure. (Also called CAT scan.) (X-rays of the head generate images that may locate brain damage.) |
| PET (positron emission tomography) Scan | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person given it performs a given task.) |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. (People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure.) |
| fMRI (functinoal MRI) | a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure. (Measures bloodflow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans.) |
| Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion. | Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| Soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared with those who do not have PTSD, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma-related images. | Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
| Children's brain injuries, shown in CT scans, predict impairments in their intelligence and memory processing. | Computed Tomography (CT) |
| Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of reward and punishment. | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
| People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self-control. | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain's fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
| Brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. |
| Medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. T |
| Thalamus | the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
| Reticular Formation | a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal. |
| Cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. |
| Limbic System | neural system (including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. |
| Amygdala | two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. |
| Hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. |
| Hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system, helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events. |
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chujacqueline
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