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Chapters 1-8
Psychology Exam Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolute threshold | the weakest amount of a particular stimulus that can be sensed |
| anchoring heuristic | the process of making decisions based on certain ideas or standards held by the decision maker |
| autonomic nervous system | the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates body functions, such as respiration and digestion |
| axon | a long tube-like structure attached to a neuron that transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body |
| behaviorism | the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behaviour |
| central nervous system | the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | the area of the brain that is responsible for voluntary movement and balance |
| cerebral cortex | the bumpy, convoluted surface of the brain; the body's control and information-processing center |
| cerebrum | the large mass of the forebrain, consisting of two hemispheres |
| cognitive activities | private, unmeasureable mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories |
| convergent thinking | directed thinking; thinking that is limited to available facts |
| deductive reasoning | a form of thinking in which conclusions are inferred from premises; the conclusions are true if the premises are true |
| dendrites | the branchlike extensions of a neuron that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body |
| dependent variable | is an experiment, the factor that is being measured ans that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| difference threshold | the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli |
| divergent thinking | a thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to a problem; non directed thinking |
| double-blind study | an experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo |
| episodic memory | memory of specific experienced events |
| explicit memory | memory of specific information |
| functionalism | the school of psychology, founded by William James, that emphasizes the purposes of behaviour and mental processes and what they accomplish for the individual |
| Gestalt psychology | the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions of individual parts into meaningful wholes |
| hypothalamus | the neural structure located below the thalamus that controls temperature, hunger, thirst, and various aspects of emotion |
| implicit memory | memory of which you are not consciously aware; generally includes skills and procedures one has learned |
| independent variable | the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable |
| inductive reasoning | a form of thinking that involves using individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion |
| limbic system | a group of neural structures at the base of the cerebral hemispheres that is associated with emotion and motivation |
| medulla | a structure at the base of the brain stem that controls vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing |
| myelin | a white, fatty substance that insulates axons and enables rapid transmission of neural impulses |
| nonconscious | descriptive of bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware |
| operant behavior | |
| peripheral nervous system | the neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body, including the muscles and glands |
| placebo effect | an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance where patients believe the substance has an effect |
| preconscious | descriptive of information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness |
| psychoanalysis | the school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behaviour |
| psychological constructs | theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly |
| psychology | the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes |
| representativeness heuristic | the process of making decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appear to represent |
| semantic memory | memory of general knowledge and information |
| single-blind study | a study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control group or the experimental group |
| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, muscles, and the skin |
| structuralism | the school of psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, that maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings |
| synapse | the junction between the axon terminals of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron |
| thalamus | the structure of the brain that relays messages from the sense organs to the cerebral cortex |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but which influences our behaviour |
| How do psychiatrists differ from a psychologist? | a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and who can prescribe medications for clients while psychologists treat psychological problems |
| What two neurochemicals make you feel happier? | dopamine serotonin |
| When is a hearing aid no longer effective? | When sensorineural deafness occurs and there is damage to the auditory nerve |
| What stage of the sleep cycle does dreaming occur in? | REM stage |
| In which stage of the sleep cycle is it easy to wake someone up? | stage one |
| About how long does it take for the brain to enter the REM stage? | about 90 minutes after falling asleep |
| What part of the brain processes emotional responses and emotions attached to memories? | hippocampus |
Created by:
dwatson.2023
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