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Phil. Final Exam

Philosophy Final Exam

QuestionAnswer
What is Ralph Waldo Emerson's idea of self-reliance? Self-reliance is putting faith in your personal ideals and convictions over those of society. Following your personal ideals regardless of the social acceptance is being self-reliant
Plato's Allegory of the Cave - belief Men in cave, see the shadows on the walls and assume about the real world. Stand for regular people
Plato's Allegory of the Cave - knowledge People on the inside manipulating the shadows, but still don't have a full understanding of the outside. Stand for the government
Plato's Allegory of the Cave - understanding The man who escapes the cave and sees a tree for the first time, then comes back to tell the others what he saw. Stands for philosophers
The value of philosophy the basis for education (asking questions about beliefs and issues), enriches our imaginations, opens our minds, teaches us that there are other options than what we initially believed
David Foster Wallace and the Default Setting Our default setting is self-centered. Escape it by recognizing, knowing when it influences you, intending to change the setting, and imagining other people's lives as more important in the moment.
Inductive arguments Only likely or probable, questions concerning the future are ALWAYS inductive
Deductive arguments Conclusion is meant to logically follow given the premises, with no room for error
Strength of an argument Used to evaluate inductive arguments, on a spectrum from strong --> weak, where strong = more likely and weak = less likely
Validity Used to evaluate deductive arguments, only valid and not valid, questions whether conclusion necessarily follows given the premises
Soundness For deductive arguments, the truth of the premises
Cogency For inductive arguments - cogent = strong and true premises, uncogent = everything else
Formal Fallacies For deductive arguments only - affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent
Gambler's Fallacy Common informal fallacy, "I failed many times, so next time I won't fail"
False Cause Fallacy Common informal fallacy, making correlation = causation
Bandwagon Common informal fallacy, "everyone else is doing it, you should too"
Begging the Questions Common informal fallacy, circular reasoning or missing a key premise
Ad Hominem Common informal fallacy, attacking the person rather than the argument (can be either personal or circumstantial)
Equivocation Common informal fallacy, changing the meaning of a key word halfway through the argument
Red Herring Common informal fallacy, change the argument partway through to distract from the point
Appeal to Unqualified Authority Common informal fallacy, appeal to authorities that are not qualified to speak on certain issues (eg political scientist on biochemistry)
Slippery Slope Common informal fallacy, conclusion depends on an unlikely chain reaction
Strawman Common informal fallacy, one arguer distorts the other's argument to make it more wrong, ALWAYS 2 ARGUERS
Appeal to Pity Common informal fallacy, think ASPCA commercials, appealing argument using pity
Appeal to Force Common informal fallacy, appealing argument using threats or violence
Elizabeth Anderson and 2nd Order Capacities All people have a 2nd order capacity, the capacity to make a judgement on scientific data using research, but they don't use it due to time, effort, want to protect values, etc
Mind-Body Problem An attempt to explain how exactly a person's mental and physical states interact
Memory-chain View The self is just the historical narrative that led up to the present day
Physicalism All actions are biochemically oriented, there are no mental processesu77777777as7"
Created by: lilyowens125
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