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IntroPsych W4
Ch6&14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sensation | the basic processes by which sensory organs & the nervous system respond to stimuli |
| perception | complex organizing of sensory information & meaningful interpretations of them |
| process of sensation | physical stimulus -> physiological response -> sensory experience |
| sensory receptors | specialized structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical changes that initiate neural impulses in sensory neurons |
| sensory area | areas of the cerebral cortex devoted to specific senses |
| insula | primary taste area |
| piriform cortex | olfactory areas |
| sensory coding | preservation of information relevant to the physical stimuli they are responding to |
| transduction | neural process by which receptor cell produces an electrical change in response to physical stimulation |
| receptor potentials | Electrical changes in neurons that can trigger action potentials in sensory neurons |
| sensory adaption | change in sensitivity that occurs when a set of senses are strongly stimulated or unstimulated for a length of time |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli & the sensory experiences produced by those stimuli |
| absolute threshold | the faintest detectable stimuli of any given type |
| difference threshold | the minimal difference in magnitude between 2 stimuli that is required for a person to detect them as different |
| webers law | the jnd for stimulus magnitude is a constant proportion of the magnitude of the original stimulus |
| signal detection theory | theory that proposes the detection of sensory stimulus is dependent on both physical intensity & psychological state of perceiver |
| olfaction | human sense of smell |
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | a set of 50 variable genes that determine odor & mate preferences |
| pheromone | a chemical substance released by an animal & acts on other members of its species to promote specific behavioral/physiological response |
| C fibers | thin, unmyelinated slow-conducting neurons that respond to all sorts of pain, 2nd wave of pain |
| A-delta fibers | thicker, myelinated faster-conducting neurons, can be specialized to respond to strong pressure or extreme temp, 1st wave of pain |
| somatosensory cortex | sensory component of pain relies on this area apart of the parietal lobe that receives input for touch & temp as well as pain |
| areas of limbic system (pain) | area in which the primary emotional & motivational component of pain lies, the cingulate & insular cortex |
| prefrontal cortex (pain) | area of the brain responsible for secondary emotional & motivational component of pain |
| gate-control theory | Melzack and Wall’s theory proposing that pain will be experienced only if the input from peripheral pain neurons passes through a “gate” located at the point that the pain-carrying neurons enter the spinal cord or lower brainstem |
| stress-induced analgesia | decreased pain sensitivity that accompanies highly stressful situations |
| outer ear | consists of the pinna & the auditory canal (opening into the head that ends at the eardrum) |
| pinna | flap of skin & cartilage forming the visible portion of the ear |
| middle ear | air filled cavity separated by the eardrum consisting of 3 main structures, tiny bones called the ossicles connected to a membrane called oval window |
| inner ear | separated from the middle ear by the oval window, consists of the cochlea (coiled structure where transduction takes place) |
| conduction deafness | occurs when ossicles become rigid & cannot carry sound inward to tympanic membrane & cochlea |
| sensorineural deafness | deafness from damage to hair cells of cochlea or auditory neurons |
| trait | stable predisposition to behave in a certain way |
| trait theories of personality | Theories of personality that are based on the idea that people can be described/differentiated in terms of hypothetical underlying personality dimensions called traits |
| 5 factor model of personality | neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness |
| proximate explanation of personality | personality differences are due to causal mechanisms that operate in the lifetime of the individual |
| distal explanation of personality | personality differences due to function or evolutionary survival value |
| differential susceptibility to environmental influence | idea that people are differentially susceptible to being influenced by their environment |
| split-parent identification | tendency for each of two siblings to identify with a different one of their two parents |
| psychodynamic theories | personality theories that emphasize the interplay of mental force |
| repression | process by which anxiety-producing thoughts are pushed out or kept out of the conscious mind |
| displacement | occurs when an unconscious wish/drive that would be unacceptable to the conscious mind is redirected toward a more acceptable alternative |
| sublimination | form of displacement in which one directs his or her energies toward activities that are particularly valued by society, such as artistic, scientific, or humanitarian endeavors |
| reaction formation | conversion of a frightening wish into its safer opposite |
| projection | when a person consciously experiences an unconscious drive or wish as though it were someone else’s |
| humanistic theories | Personality theories that attempt to focus attention on the whole, unique person, especially on the person’s conscious understanding of his or her self and the world |
| phenomenology | the study of conscious perceptions & understandings |
| phenomenological reality | each persons conscious understanding of his/her world |
| social-cognitive theories of personality | Theories of personality that emphasize the roles of beliefs and habits of thought that are acquired through one’s unique experiences in the social environment |
| locus of control | a person’s perception of the typical source of control over rewards |
| self-efficacy | peoples beliefs about their own abilities to perform specific task |
Created by:
veda1
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