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AP Psych Unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | the process of acquiring new information or behaviors that last |
| habituation | decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it |
| associative learning | learning that two events occur together |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link multiple stimuli and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | John B. Watson's view that psychology should objectively study behavior |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response | an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimuli |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response |
| conditioned response | a learned response to previously neutral stimuli |
| conditioned stimulus | a stimulus that triggers a response after conditioning |
| acquisition | the process in which a neutral stimulus links to an unconditioned stimulus and begins to trigger the conditioned response |
| higher order conditioning | a type of conditioning in which an already conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response when the response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the random reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | the tendency for similar stimuli to elicit a similar response |
| discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli |
| taste aversion | subjects are conditioned to avoid tastes associated with bad events |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by results |
| respondent behavior | the type of behavior that is evoked in classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | the type of behavior that is evoked in operant conditioning |
| law of effect | B.F. Skinner's idea that behaviors followed by good consequences become more likely |
| operant chamber | a box designed by B.F. Skinner with a key an animal can manipulate to get a reward such as food or water |
| reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| shaping | reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | a stimulus that increases or strengthens behavior after being presented |
| negative reinforcement | a stimulus that increases or strengthens behavior after being removed |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains power through association with a primary reinforcer |
| reinforcement schedule | defines how long and how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| continuous reinforcement | the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | the desired response is only reinforced some of the time |
| fixed-ratio schedule | the desired response is only reinforced after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | the desired response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | a response is only reinforced after a specified length of time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | a response is reinforced at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior it follows |
| positive punishment | a stimulus that decreases behavior after being presented |
| negative punishment | a stimulus that decreases behavior after being removed |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of a place |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until you have an incentive to demonstrate it |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing others' behavior |
| vicarious learning | learning to anticipate a behavior's consequence by observing others |
| prosocial behavior | positive, helpful behavior |
| antisocial behavior | negative, harmful behavior |
Created by:
TessaMeyers
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