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Social Psych test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prejudice | a preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members |
| stereotype | a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people, are sometimes overgeneralized + inaccurate + resistant to new info (are sometimes accurate) |
| discrimination | unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members |
| racism | 1. an individual's prejudicial attitudes + discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race or 2. institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race (even if not motivated by prejudice) |
| sexism | 1. an individual's prejudicial attitudes + discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex or 2. institutional practices that subordinate people of a given sex (even if not motivated by prejudice) |
| implicit cognition | what you know without knowing that you know |
| social dominance orientation | a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups |
| ethnocentric | believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups |
| authoritarian personality | a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status |
| realistic group conflict theory | the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources |
| social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from group memberships |
| ingroup | "us"- a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity |
| outgroup | "them"- a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup |
| ingroup bias | the tendency to favor one's own group |
| infrahumanization | denying human attributes to outgroups |
| terror management | people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their own mortality |
| outgroup homogeneity effect | perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members, thus "they are alike; we are diverse" |
| own-race bias/cross-race effect/other-race effect | the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race |
| group-serving bias | explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions while excusing such behavior by one's own group |
| just-world phenomenon | the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| subtyping | accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule" |
| subgrouping | accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group |
| stereotype threat | a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, these situation have immediate effects |
| cyberbullying | bullying/harassing/threatening someone using electronic communication such as texting/e-mail/online social networks |
| aggression | physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. in lab experiments this may be giving electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings |
| physical aggression | hurting someone else's body |
| social aggression/relational aggression | hurting someone else's feelings or threatening their relationships, includes cyberbullying and some forms of in-person bullying |
| hostile aggression | aggression that springs from anger, its goal is to injure, comes from an emotional place |
| instrumental aggression | aggression that aims to injure but only as a means to some other end, more calculated and planned, may not necessarily come from an emotional place |
| instinctive behavior | an innate + unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species |
| frustration-aggression theory | the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress |
| frustration | the blocking of goal-directed behavior |
| displacement | the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. the new target is generally a safer or more socially acceptable target |
| relative deprivation | the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself |
| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished |
| prosocial behavior | positive/constructive/helpful social behavior, the opposite of antisocial behavior, done with the purpose of benefitting others |
| social scripts | culturally provided mental instruction for how to act in various situations |
| catharsis | emotional release, implies that aggression drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression, breeds more aggression instead of relieving it |
| need to belong | a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing + positive interactions |
| proximity | geographical nearness, powerfully predicts liking |
| mere-exposure effect | the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them |
| matching phenomenon | the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits |
| physical-attractiveness stereotype | the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good |
| complementarity | the popularly supposed tendency in a relationship between 2 people for each to complete what is missing in the other |
| ingratiation | the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor |
| reward theory of attraction | the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events |
| passionate love | a state of intense longing for union with another, lovers with this are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love and are disconsolate at losing it, men fall into it more readily and out of it more slowly, physiologic arousal |
| two-factor theory of emotion | arousal x its label = emotion |
| companionate love | the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined, feelings of intimacy and affection but not arousal, can be in lots of relationships not just romantic ones, what keeps people together |
| secure attachment | attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy, caregivers are responsive to kid's needs, show positive emotions and lots of warmth |
| avoidant attachment | attachments marked by discomfort over or resistant to being close to others, an insecure attachment style, caregivers aren't responsive to kid's needs and aren't there when the kid needs them to be, 25% of adult relationships are this type |
| anxious attachment | attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence, an insecure attachment style, caretakers are inconsistent and are sometimes either too responsive or not responsive enough to kid's needs, 19% of adult relationships, feel like they can't get close to partner |
| equity | a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it, does not always need to be equal |
| self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| disclosure reciprocity | the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner |
| altruism | a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's own self-interests, selfishness in reverse |
| social-exchange theory | the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them |
| social capital | the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those needing help and those dependent on them |
| kin selection | the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes |
| empathy | the vicarious experience of another's feelings, putting oneself in another's shoes and feeling their emotion too |
| bystander effect | the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders |
| moral exclusion | the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness |
| moral inclusion | regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern |
| overjustification effect | the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing, they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing |
| automatic processing | the brain makes patterns so in the face of a new/dangerous circumstance we don't have to manually figure out if something is a threat etc |
| illusory correlation | see two statistically unrelated things together and assume they're linked i.e. every time I wash my car it rains |
| amygdala | part of the brain that cause people to feel aggression when stimulated |
| prefrontal cortex | controls behavior and decision making/planning, people with less of it have more difficulty controlling impulsive behavior |
| testosterone | a hormone that is implicated in aggression, correlational research finds that it is related to toughness and criminal activity |
| seratonin | naturally occurring neurotransmitter in the midbrain, less of it is linked to more aggression |
| alcohol | inhibits decision making and increases aggression, people under its influence react to the first obvious sign of what's happening and don't think complexly about the situation |
| low 2D:4D finger length ratio | may have been caused by higher exposure to testosterone when in the womb, correlates with more aggression and risk taking and higher promiscuity |
| regional differences in aggression | white southern US males have higher homicide rates + are more likely to agree violence is okay as a response than white northern males, comes from when people in the south were herders because if someone tried to steal your herd you'd shoot them |
| teasing | doesn't make fun of things out of someone's control, is not meant to harm, usually done by people with a close relationship, can be verbal or nonverbal, off-record markers like smiling makes it not threatening, helps build relationships |
| 3 factors needed to make it bullying | is repeated continuously even if the person doesn't want it, imbalance of social power, done purposefully to make fun of or embarrass or exclude or harm others |
| punishment that effectively limits aggression | occurs directly after an act of aggression every single time it happens |
| Professor Woodzicka's mother | everyone has a cellphone except for who |
| propinquity | the likelihood that 2 people will interact, the more 2 people see and interact the more likely they are to become friends |
| closed fields | situations where people are forced to interact i.e. assigned roommates, make friendships but not necessarily lasting ones |
| open fields | situations in which people can interact with whoever they want to, people gravitate towards others that are similar to them and form stronger friendships |
| smiles, facial symmetry, big eyes | 3 physical traits that are attractive |
| baby faces | considered more attractive, convey naivety and innocence and submissiveness, men with them are more likely to have a criminal record possibly to try to assert dominancy because of the stereotypes |
| reciprocal liking | we are more likely to like people who like us |
| elements that friendship must have (must have all of them) | enjoyment of each other's company, acceptance of each other as they are, trust, mutual respect, confiding, understanding of each other's perspectives + values |
| characteristics of love | everything from friendship plus passion and caring |
| passion | preoccupation with each other, exclusivity, and sexual desire |
| caring | giving what the other person needs, being a champion advocate for the other person, their success is very important to you |
| intimacy, passion, short + long term commitment | 3 basic ingredients of love from Sternberg's love triangle |
| intimacy | feelings of being close and bonded to each other |
| passion | the "hot" part of love, arousal, sexual attraction |
| romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, consummate love | 4 types of love from Sternberg's love triangle |
| intimacy + passion | romantic love |
| intimacy + commitment | companionate love |
| passion + commitment | fatuous love |
| intimacy + passion + commitment | consummate love, is usually the goal but is rare for relationships to have it throughout the whole time |
| love styles | basic theories people have about how love should work that guide their behavior in relationships, partners tend to have similar ones |
| eros, ludus, storge, pragma, mania, agape | 6 different love styles |
| eros | passionate physical love, partner's physical appearance is important, want the emotional intensity |
| ludus | love is played as a game and shouldn't be taken too seriously, move in and out of relationships quickly, can cause unintentional harm because they see it as fun, men tend to be higher than women on this type |
| storge | slow-growing love, loves comes from affection and friendship, stable type of love, love is a really deep friendship and not a mysterious deep emotion, women tend to be higher than men on this type |
| pragma | common sense and realistic approach to love, know what they're looking for in a partner and may have a checklist of what their partner needs to have, women tend to be higher than men on this type |
| mania | highly emotional roller coaster ride of love, obsess about their partners, not very stable form of love, are possessive and fear rejection |
| agape | selfless and giving love, think more about how they can support their partners, aren't happy if their partners aren't happy, parents have this with their kids |
| 3 months, 6 months, 1 year | common breakup points in a relationship |
| affection, companionship, support, sex, status | rewards of a relationship |
| time constraints, risk of losing them, energy, alternatives, money | costs of a relationship |
| family, time/memories, care/affection, mutual friends, money/gifts/stuff | investments in a relationship |
| intrapersonal, dyadic, social, intrapersonal part 2 | 4 stages of breakup |
| intrapersonal stage of breakup | think a lot about the relationship, do a cost/benefit/investment analysis, decide they need to withdraw from relationship |
| dyadic stage of breakup | person discusses breakup with partner, may try to repair (in which case go back to intrapersonal and chill there) or decide they're done |
| social stage of breakup | breakup is announced to other people, often the story told to others isn't the true/full story, can be face-saving stories or gloss over details |
| intrapersonal stage of breakup part 2 | trying to get over the relationship, analyze relationship to see what went wrong |
| destructive -> constructive active -> passive | 2 continuums of behaviors that show when relationships are in distress |
| exit behaviors | active and destructive, actively look for ways to destroy relationship, maybe cheating or abuse or threats or just leaving |
| voice behaviors | active and constructive, actively trying to maybe save the relationship, maybe going to therapy or talking about issues or trying to change |
| loyalty behaviors | passive and constructive, wait for things to improve, maybe being extra supportive or hoping/praying for things to get better |
| neglect behaviors | passive and destructive, allow things to deteriorate, maybe not talking to each other or ghosting or putting no energy in or refusing to deal with problems |
| breaker of a relationship | fares the best psychologically and physically during a breakup |
| breakee of a relationship | has the most physical symptoms of anxiety/depression, fares the worst during the breakup |
| mutual breakups | split the physical and psychological weight of the relationship, somewhere in between breaker and breakee, (try to give some agency to both parties in a breakup to help other person feel better) |
| Woodzicka's tips for sustaining a relationship | "zingers" are terrible, you have a hand in things going wrong, how you handle differences is critical, acknowledge different arguing behaviors, try to work through issues instead of breaking up, your partner is not a mind reader |
| Batson's Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis | 1. see someone needs help and 2. determine if you feel empathy for them, if empathy then altruism and you help regardless of costs/rewards, if no empathy then no helping unless rewards outweigh costs |
| situational determinants of helping | more helping in rural environments instead of urban, thought because they learn different values but that's been busted |
| urban overload hypothesis | there's so much going on in big cities so people tend not to pay much attention to others as much to keep from being too overwhelmed |
| 3 steps to take to help as a bystander | 1. notice the incident 2. interpret incident as an emergency 3. assume responsibility for helping (if you're alone only you can do 3) |
| diffusion of responsibility | each person's perception of responsibility decreases as the number of other people increases |
| time pressure | people in a hurry are less likely to help |
| altruistic personality | people who are high on empathy and emotionality and self-efficacy, will help in pretty much any situation |
| personal variables to helping | men do more dangerous helping + women do more everyday acts, people in good mood or really bad mood more likely to help, similarity to victim, empathy/compassion decrease as wealth increases |
| person is totally different than you, person is unique in a general sense, person has an extreme quality | 3 types of fatal attractions |
Created by:
WrenSO
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