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Modules 31-33
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| chunking | organizes items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| storage | the processing of retaining encoded information over time |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in -the- blank test |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| déjàvu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined |
Created by:
margaret_05
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