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psych quiz 20-23
PYSCH QUIZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| sensory receptors | sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli |
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| bottom up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| top down processing | information processing guided by higher level metal processes, as when we construct perception drawing on our experience and expectations |
| selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and out psychological experience of them. |
| absolute thresholds | the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
| signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. |
| subliminal | below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| extrasensory perception | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
| wavelength | the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission |
| hue | the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light what we know as the color names blue, green and so fourth |
| intensity | the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the waves amplitude. |
| cornea | the clear protective outer layer, covering the pupil and the iris |
| pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening |
| lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
| accomodation | the process by which the eyes lens changes shale to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones dont respond |
| cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses fro the eye to the brain |
| blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye cones cluster |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic | the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors - red, green, and blue |
| opponent process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes red-green, blue-yellow, white-black |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| gestalt | an organized whole, emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
| figure-ground | the organization of visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
| grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
| depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional |
| visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
| binocular cues | a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes |
| retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer object |
| monocular cue | a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
| phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in a quick succession |
| perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change |
| color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by the object |
| perceptual adaptation | the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
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