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Unit 3
Sensation and Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Selective Attention | The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, the cocktail party effect |
| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| Change Blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment |
| Absolute Threshold | The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer |
| Just Noticeable Difference | The minimum change in a stimulation that can be reliably detected 50% of the time |
| Weber's Law | The principle that , to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant PERCENTAGE |
| Subliminal | Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Signal Detection Theory | Suggests how individuals are able to detect a minimal stimulus among other background stimuli |
| Top-Down Processing | Processes that are involved in identifying a stimulus by using the knowledge we already possess about the situation, forming expectations |
| Bottom-Up Processing | Processes that are involved in identifying a stimulus by analyzing the information available |
| Sensory Adaptation | A decline in receptor activity when stimuli are unchanging |
| Amplitude | Affects the perception of light and intensity, intensity influences brightness |
| Wavelength | Affects the perception of color |
| Purity | Influences perception of saturation of color |
| Lens | Focuses images on the retina and ACCOMMODATES in order to do so |
| Pupil | Opening in the iris, deter mines how much light enters the eye |
| Dark Adaptation | Process in which the eyes become sensitive to light in low illumination |
| Light Adaptation | Process in which the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination |
| Trichromatic Theory | Founded by Young-Helmholtz, discovered that their are 3 cone types in the retina, each producing only red, green, or blue and work together to let us perceive a range of colors |
| Opponent-Processing Theory | States that light waves will excite one color in a pair which then inhibit the excitation in its opposing color, explains afterimages |
| Gestalt | A whole that is more than the sum of its parts |
| Necker Cube | A line drawn cube which all side seem transparent yet 3D |
| Figure Ground | The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
| Proximity | People tend to organize objects close to each other in a group and view it as a single entity |
| Continuity | We perceive smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
| Closure | We fill in the gaps to create whole images |
| Similarity | We tend to organize objects with similar qualities into groups and interpret them as a whole |
| Connectedness | When we can see connection in disjointed objects |
| Gibson and Walk Visual Cliff Experiment (1960) | Babies and babies participated in an experiment to find out whether depth perception is innate or learned using a fake cliff, a raised surface and a glass pane. Most refused to cross the "gap" inferring depth perception is at least partially innate |
| Binocular Cues | We use the perspective of BOTH eyes to perceive depth |
| Retinal Disparity | The difference between the images the eyes perceive because they have slightly different perspectives |
| Convergence | Based on how for inwards the eyes need to move when focusing on an object |
| Monocular Cues | Depth perception cues that require only ONE eye |
| Relative Height | A cue that makes objects higher in your field of vision appear farther |
| Relative Motion | A cue that makes objects closer to us appear to move faster |
| Relative Size | We intuitively know to interpret familiar objects as farther away when they appear smaller |
| Interposition/Overlapping | When one object appears to block another, we assume the blocking object in closer |
| Linear Perspective | A depth cue that makes parallel lines appear to converge @ a vanishing point on the horizon |
| Light and Shadow | Play a role in depth perception, nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes than those far away, dimmer objects seem farther away |
| Texture Gradient | Combines several monocular cues, the closer an object is, the clearer the degree of detail |
| Relative Clarity | Clearer object seem closer while blurred objects seem farther away |
| Sclera | White part of eye, provides protection and structure |
| Cornea | Transparent portion of the sclera which light enters through |
| Iris | Pigmented muscle that gives the eye its color and regulates the size of the pupil |
| Retina | Layer containing two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, that transduce light energy into electrochemical energy |
| Rods | Located in the retina's periphery, capable of receiving light energy in low illumination, NOT involved in color perception |
| Cones | Concentrated in the middle of the retina in the fovea, involved in bright light color perception |
| Pinna | The external part of the ear, collects sound waves guiding them into the ear canals |
| Auditory Canal | Lies in the temporal bone, helps to amplify the sound |
| Tympanic Membrane | Separates the outer ear from the middle ear, when sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate |
| Hammer/Anvil | Transmit vibrations from the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, to the oval window |
| Stirrup | A bone in the middle ear, involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear |
| Cochlea | Hollow, spiral-shaped bone found in the inner ear that plays a key role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction |
| Oval Window | Membrane-covered opening, sound waves cause vibration of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles transmit those vibrations to the oval window, which leads to movement of fluid within the cochlea and activation of receptors for hearing. |
| Basilar Membrane | Possesses graded mass and stiffness properties over its length, and its vibration patterns have the effect of separating incoming sound into its component frequencies that activate different cochlear regions |
| Organ of Corti | Transduction of auditory signals |
| Hair Cells | The primary sensory receptor cells within the inner ear, convert, or transduce, mechanical stimuli evoked by sound and head movements into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain |
| Vestibular Sense/Equilibratory Sense | Receptors are in semi-circular canals and vestibular sacs in the ear, creates out balance and awareness of body position |
| Kinesthesis | Communicates info about movement and location of body parts, receptors found in joints and ligaments |
| Pain | Triggered by more than one sense, sensory receptor -> spinal cord -> brain |
| Dysfunctional Pain | Patients who report high pain levels and psychological stress |
| Interpersonally Distressed | Patient feels that they have little social support and report lack of support from significant others |
| Adaptive Capers | Patients who report little pain and social stress, function better |
| Gate Control Pain Theory | When the brain can only focus on one pain stimulus at a time, pain is carried by small fibers while other sensations are carried on larger fibers able to override pain |
| Phantom Limb Pain | Pain in the area of an amputated limb, brain interprets CNS activity even when the limb isn't their |
| Olfaction | Smell receptors are found in the upper nasal capacity, these cells are continually created, women have better smell |
| Non-Tasters | People who are unable to taste the bitter compound |
| Super-Tasters | People who are sensitive to taste and have many taste buds |
| Priming | in which previous stimuli influence how people react to subsequent stimuli |
| Place Theory | a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar |
| Frequency Theory | the principle that the greater the intensity of stimulation, the greater the frequency of nerve impulses elicited and the more intense the response of the organism |
| Perceptual Adaptation | the grouping of stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns |
| Perceptual Constancy | allows us to perceive an object as the same, despite changes in sensation |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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