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Psych Unit 4
Modules 16-21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Def of sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Def of perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| Def of selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Def of change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| Def of inattnetional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| Def of absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time |
| Def of signal detection theory | theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus amid background stimulation |
| Weber's law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
| Def of priming | the activation, often unconscious, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| Cocktail party effect | your ability to attend to only one voice while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice |
| Def of sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Def of top-down processing | constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experiences and expectations |
| Def of bottom-up processing | starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing |
| Difference between sensation and perception? Ex? | Sensation is standard from person to person, perception is based on individual experience (Ex: perceiving smells different when they have the same sensation) |
| Example of bottom-up processing | stubbing your toe (pain receptors detect pain and send this information to the brain where it is processed) |
| Example of top-down processing | stroop effect (we see what the word says before we see the color of the word) |
| Three basic steps to our sensory system | receive sensory stimulation, transform stimulation into neural impulses, deliver neural information to the brain |
| Example of absolute threshold | when the eye doctor would show you a light and half the time you could detect it, but not the other half |
| Example of priming | an image or word is quickly flashed, then replaced by a masking stimulus that interrupts the brain's processing before conscious perception |
| What is an important benefit of sensory adaptation | freedom to focus on informative changes in our environment without being distracted by background chatter |
| Def of choice blindness | lack of awareness of our own decisions and preferences |
| Def of transduction | the process of converting one form of energy into another that your brain can use |
| Def of psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| Def of subliminal | stimuli that you cannot detect 50% of the time, fall below the absolute threshold |
| Def of difference thresholds | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (AKA the just noticeable difference (JND)) |
| Def of perceptual set | a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that greatly affects what we perceive |
| Def of schema | concepts that we form to organize and allow us to interpret unfamiliar information |
| Def of ESP | extrasensory perception; the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input (includes telepathy, clairvoyance (perceiving remote events), and precognition(perceiving future events)) |
| Def of parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
| Hearing context effect example | oak, folk, croak, soak, what do you call the white of an ef (most people would say yolk) |
| Height/size context effect example | things change is size when put next to something taller or smaller |
| Emotion/motivation context effect example(s) | a hill is taller when carrying something heavy, walking looks far when tired, referee will give more penalties to a team that they have been told is aggressive |
| Cornea function | protects the eye and bends light to provide focus |
| Pupil function | small adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Iris function | colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and event to inner emotions |
| Lens function | transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| Retina function | a multilayered tissue on the eyeball's sensitive inner surface; contains the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information |
| Rods function | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don't respond) |
| Cones function | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| Bipolar cells function | activate the ganglion cells |
| Ganglion cells function | strands that form the optic nerve |
| Optic nerve function | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Blind spot function | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor nerves are located there |
| Fovea function | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
| Def of feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue) which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color |
| Def of color deficiency | lack the functioning red or green sensitive cones? |
| Opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision |
| Def of parallel processing | the processing of many things at one; it is the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision |
| Def of wavelength | the distance from one wave peak to the next (determines the hue, the color we experience) |
| Def of intensity | the amount of energy in light waves (determined by the wave's amplitude) influences brightness |
| Def of Gestalt psychology | an organized whole; our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
| Def of figure-ground | the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
| Def of grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
| 3 examples of grouping | Proximity (group nearby figures together), Continuity (perceive smooth, continuous patterns), Closure (fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object) |
| Def of perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging |
| Def of lightness constancy | perceiving an object as having a constant brightness, despite illumination changes |
| Def of color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, despite changes in lighting |
| Def of shape constancy | perceiving the form of familiar objects, despite receiving changing images of them |
| Def of depth perception | the ability to estimate an object's distance from us; ability to see objects in three dimensions |
| Def of visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants |
| Def of monocular cues | depth cues that are available to each eye separately |
| Def of relative height | distant objects are smaller, closer objects are larger |
| Def of relative motion | motion or speed of any object in respect to a particular point |
| Def of relative size | allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size |
| Def of linear perspective | two parallel lines appear to meet in the distance |
| Def of interposition | the distances of two objects are judged based on the fact that one object partially obscures or overlaps the other object |
| Def of light and shadow | lights and shadows are used to determine depth perception and distance |
| Def of binocular cues (an example) | depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes (the floating finger sausage) |
| Def of perceptual adaptation | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
| Def of phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Eardrum function | tight membrane that picks up sound waves from the auditory canal, causing it to vibrate and pass the vibrations to the ossicles |
| Ossicles/Middle ear function | three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) amplify and relay the vibrations from the eardrum and through the oval window to transmit them to the cochlea |
| Oval window function | the membrane of the cochlea that picks up vibrations from the ossicles, causing the fluid that fills the cochlea to vibrate |
| Cochlea function | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves travel through the cochlear fluid and trigger nerve impulse |
| Basilar membrane function | contains the auditory sense receptors (tiny hair cells) that detect the ripples from the oval window; its axons form the auditory nerve |
| Auditory nerve function | transmits auditory neural messages to the auditory cortex of the brain |
| Semicircular canals function | contain fluid that moves when the head rotates or tilts |
| Frequency theory | theory that believes the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
| Place theory | theory that believes the brain determines a sound's pitch by recognizing the specific place on the basilar membrane that is generating the neural signal |
| Volley principle | neural cells can alternate firing; indicates that place theory best explains how we sense high pitches, while the frequency theory best explains how we sense low pitches, a combination of the two seem to enable to sense pitches in the intermediate range |
| How do we locate the source of a sound | the placement of our ears enables us to utilize stereophonic (or three dimensional) hearing, just noticeable differences allow us to determine which direction sounds are coming from |
| Def of conduction hearing loss | caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Def of sensorineural hearing loss | caused by damage to the cochlea's hair receptor cells or their associated nerves; also known as nerve deafness |
| Def of cochlear implant | a device that converts sounds into electrical signals that are threaded into the cochlea and convey information about that sound to the brain |
| Def of audition | the sense of hearing |
| How does the brain perceive loudness | by the number of hair cells that are activated by a sound |
| Def of nociceptors | sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressures, or chemicals |
| Def of sensory interaction | when two sense interact with each other to work (can't taste wihtout smell) |
| Gate-control theory | states that the spinal cord contains small nerve fibers that conduct most pain signals and larger fibers that conduct most other sensory signals, making the spinal cord the neurological gate that blocks pain from the brain or allows the pain to the brain |
| Def of phantom limb sensation | occurs when the brain misinterprets the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in the absence of normal sensory input (the brain creates this pain) |
| Def of olfaction | the sense of smell |
| Def of kinesthesia | the system for sensing the position and movement of your individual body parts (interacts with vision) |
| Def of vestibular sense | system that monitors your head's position (and the rest of your body) and movement, including the sense of balance |
| McGurk effect | if we see a speaker say a syllable while hearing a different syllable, we may perceive a third syllable |
| Def of embodied cognition | the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements |
| What are the 4 distinct skin senses | pressure, warmth, pain, cold (a mix of cold and dry metal can be perceived as wetness) |
| 5 basic taste sensations | sweet (energy), salty (sodium), sour(toxic acid), bitter (poisons), umami /savory (proteins) |
| Def of synesthesia | a phenomena where one sort of sensation produces another (ex: seeing music, hearing colors) |
Created by:
HannahMagdziak
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