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Semester Test Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behaviorist | A psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their responses to events in the environment |
| Cognitive | having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding |
| Humanist | a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth |
| Psychiatry | a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders |
| Psychoanalyst | a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior |
| Functionalists | a psychologist who studied the function of conscious |
| Reinforcement | response to a behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated |
| Relationship | a continuing and often committed association between two or more people |
| Structuralists | a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences |
| Cognitive Psychology | a psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence our behavior |
| Behavioral Psychology | a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment |
| Humanistic Psychology | a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth |
| Sociocultural Psychology | Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence our behavior |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a situation in which a researchers expectations influence that person's own behavior and thereby influence the participants behavior |
| Androgynous | combining or blending traditionally male and female characteristics |
| Asynchrony | the condition during adolescence in which the growth or maturation of bodily parts is uneven |
| Clique | a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group |
| Conformity | acting in accordance with some specified authority |
| Decremental | idea that progressive and mental decline are inevitable with age |
| Gender Schemas | a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave |
| Generativity | the desire in middle age to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations |
| Grasping reflex | infants clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand |
| Imprinting | inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment |
| Rooting Reflex | in infants response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth |
| Schemas | a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world |
| Stagnation | a discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past |
| Crystallized | refers to the ability to use accumulated knowledge and learning in appropriate situations |
| Fluid | ability to solve abstract relational problems and to generate new hypotheses |
| Identity Achievement | Having found ones true self |
| Identity Foreclosure | have made a firm commitment about issues based not on their own choice but on the suggestion of others |
| Maturational Readiness | a certain point in the development of an infant that chooses a specific time to learn something |
| Preoperational | when the child begins to use mental images or symbols to understand thing |
| Psychoanalytic | unconscious motivations influence our behaviors |
| Sensorimotor | the infant uses schemas that primarily involve his body and sensations |
| Social Learning | social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| Jean Piaget | theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. |
| Object Permanence | a child's realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it |
| Instincts | innate tendencies that determine behavior |
| Reflexes | involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus |
| Sigmund Freud | a physician who practiced in Vienna until 1938, was more interested in the unconscious mind. Believed unconscious motivations and conflicts are responsible for most human behavior |
| Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of moral development | Pre-conventional- obedience and punishment, instrumental relativist; Conventional- good boy/nice girl, law and order; Post- conventional- social contract, universal ethics principle, interactive view of society |
| Schema | a conceptual frame- work a person uses to make sense of the world |
| Socialization | the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live |
| Sublimation | the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks |
| Rooting reflex | an infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth |
| Conservation | the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed |
| Accommodation | the adjustment of one's schemas to include newly observed events and experiences |
| Assimilation | the process of fitting objects and experiences into one's schemas |
| Separation anxiety | occurs whenever the child is suddenly separated from the mother. |
| Authoritarian families: | Parents are the bosses, do not believe in explaining their actions or demands, parents believe child has no right to question the parental decisions |
| Democratic or authoritative families | children participate in decisions affecting their lives. Great deal of discussion and negotiation. Parents listen to their children's reasons for wanting to go somewhere or do something and make an effort to explain their rules and expectations |
| Permissive or laissez-faire families | Children have final say. Parents attempt to guide the children but give in when children insist on having their own way. Parents simply give up child-rearing responsibilities |
| Uninvolved parents | uncommitted to their roles and distant from their children |
| Stages of death and dying | Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Accept death |
| Top 4 chronic diseases the elderly get and can lead to death | heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis |
| Stage I | pulse slows, muscles relax, breathing uneven, irregular brain waves, 10 minutes |
| Stage II | eyes roll slowly, 30 minutes |
| Stage III | large delta waves |
| Stage IV | deepest sleep, confused if woke up, Large regular delta waves, Hard to wake, talk out loud, sleepwalk |
| REM Sleep | irregular pulse, heartbeat, dream, emotionally and physically demanding, 15-45 min, longer as night goes on |
| NREM | stages not in REM = Stages I-IV |
| EEG | a machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain |
| Trance | In fact, participants become highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli. |
| Alpha Waves | low-frequency, low-amplitude brain waves produced when someone is in a relaxed or reflective mental state |
| Delta Waves | the slowest recorded brain waves in human beings. |
| Hallucinations | perceptions that have no direct external cause |
| Circadian Rhythm | the rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one day |
| Hypnosis | a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility |
| The basic principle of biofeedback | the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled |
| Psychophysics | the study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that cause them |
| Kinesthesis | the sense of movement and body position |
| Optic Nerve | the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain |
| Vestibular system | three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve |
| ESP | extra-sensory perception, i.e. phenomena as telepathy |
| Signal-detection Theory | the study of people's tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli |
| Weber's Law | The principle that for any change (s) in a stimulus to be detected, a constant proportion of that stimulus (s) must be added or subtracted |
| Illusions | perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli |
| Principles of Perception | Proximity, Similarity, closure, continuity, simplicity |
| Rods & cones | Light sensitive receptor cells photoreceptors |
| Generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| Conditioned response | the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| Fixed-interval Schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement |
| Fixed-ratio schedule | pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained |
| Positive reinforcement | In this example, the dog will eventually learn to shake hands to get a reward. |
| Shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| Unconditioned stimulus | an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training |
| Unconditioned response | an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
| Variable-ratio schedule | a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained |
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aglover23
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