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Chapter 13

Psychological Disorders

TermDefinition
medical model the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fourth Edition, Text Revision]) a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
comorbidity the cooccurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
diathesis-stress model a model suggesting that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
anxiety disorders mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
phobic disorders disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
specific phobia a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
social phobia a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
preparedness theory the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
panic disorder a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
agoraphobia an extreme fear of venturing into public places
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
mood disorders mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
major depressive disorder a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
helplessness theory the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread)
bipolar disorder an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
dissociative disorder a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
dissociative identity disorder (DID) the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior
dissociative fugue the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
dissociative amnesia the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
schizophrenia a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
delusion a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
hallucination a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
disorganized speech a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
grossly disorganized behavior behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
negative symptoms emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech, and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
dopamine hypothesis the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
personality disorders disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible pat- terns of thinking, feeling, relating to others, or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
antisocial personality disorder (APD) a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
Created by: honeymilk
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