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Pharm and Tox-Alice
Pharm and Tox
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug definition | A chemical substance of known structure which when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect |
| Sources of drugs | plants, animals, microbes, minerals, synthetic chemicals, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy |
| Medicine definition | A chemical preparation containing one or more active drugs and excipients and produces a therapeutic effect |
| Endogenous definition | A substance which originates or is produced within an organism, tissue or cell e.g. hormones |
| Ligand definition | Collective term for any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex |
| How are drugs classified by their therapeutic classification? | By their physiologic effect/the way in which the body responds to a drug |
| How are drugs classified by their pharmacological classification? | By their mechanism of action, meaning the specific biochemical reaction that occurs when you take a drug |
| What determines the best route of administration? | By the physical nature of the drug |
| What protein molecules do drugs bind to in order to produce their effects? | Transporters, receptors and enzymes |
| Pharmacodynamics definition | The study of the actions of the drug on the body |
| Pharmacokinetics definition | The study of the actions of the body on the drug |
| What is an agonist? | A drug which activates the receptor and causes the receptor to produce a response |
| What is an antagonist? | A drug which can bind to a receptor without causing any change or activation |
| What is the goal of drug therapy? | To achieve desired beneficial effect with minimal side effects (adverse effects) |
| What does ADME stand for? | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| What are the stages of drug development? | Drug discovery, preclinical development, clinical development (phase 1-3) and Phase four |
| What are the three stages of drug discovery? | Target selection, lead-finding and lead optimisation |
| What is the most common problem of lead optimisation? | It proves to be impossible or drug candidate fails to produce the expected effects in animal models of the disease |
| What is the aim of preclinical development? | To satisfy all requirements that have to be met before new compound is deemed ready to be tested for the first time in humans |
| Clinical trial definition? | Defined as a study carried out to compare the clinical safety and efficacy of a new drug or procedure with that of a known drug or procedure (or a placebo) |
| Aims of phase 1 of the clinical trials | Safety, tolerability and PK properties |
| Aims of phase 2 of clinical trials | To extend phase 1 trials, test for efficacy, confirm effective dose and to determine stability of the drug |
| Aims of phase 3 of clinical trials | Establish safety/efficacy and determine cost effectiveness |
| Aims of phase 4 of drug development | To confirm efficacy data, investigate possible drug interactions and to monitor adverse drug reactions |
| Definition of adverse drug reactions | Any noxious change which is suspected to be due to a drug which occurs at doses normally used in man and requires treatment, a decrease in dose or indicates caution in future use of the drug |
| What is pharmacovigilance? | The pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long term and short term side effects of medicines |
Created by:
tarajdaly16
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