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Chapter 6 pg 146-167
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience |
| Classical conditioning | Learning that develops through involuntary paired associations |
| Conditioning | The process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that, before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest |
| Unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
| Unconditioned Response | An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| Conditioned stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
| Conditioned response | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned emotional response | An emotion, such as fear, that becomes a learned, conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus, such as a loud noise |
| Acquisition (in classical conditioning) | Learning occurs when an organism involuntarily links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, which in turn elicits the conditioned response |
| Generalization (in classical conditioning) | A conditioned response spreads and comes to be involuntarily elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus, but also by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, the opposite of discrimination |
| Discrimination (in classical conditioning) | A learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so as NOT to involuntarily respond to a new stimulus as if it were the previously conditioned stimulus ; the opposite of generalization |
| Extinction (in classical conditioning) | The gradual diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is withheld or removed |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response |
| Higher-order conditioning | A new conditioned stimulus is created by pairing it with a previously conditioned stimulus; also known as second-order conditioning |
| Operant conditioning | Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; consequences that are reinforcing increase behavioral tendencies, whereas consequences that are punishing decrease them |
| Associative learning | Learning that two events occur or happen together |
| Reinforcement | Adding or removing a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Punishment | Adding or removing a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's rule that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, whereas any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped |
| Primary reinforcer | Any unlearned, innate stimulus(food, water, sex) that reinforces a response and thus increases the probability that it will recur |
| Secondary reinforcer | Any learned stimulus (like money, praise, or attention) that reinforces a response and thus increases the probability that it will recur |
| Positive reinforcement | A process by which adding (or presenting) a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Negative reinforcement | A process by which taking away a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Primary punisher | Any unlearned, innate stimulus, such as hunger or thirst, that punishes a response and thus decreases the probability that it will recur |
| Secondary punisher | Any learned stimulus, such as poor grades or a parking ticket, that punishes a response and thus decreases the probability that it will recur |
| Positive punishment | A process by which adding, or presenting, a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Negative punishment | A process by which taking away, or removing , a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| Acquisition (in operant conditioning) | Learning occurs, is acquired, when an organism voluntarily links a response with a consequence, such as a reward |
| Generalization(in operant conditioning) | Voluntarily responding to a new stimulus as if it were the original, previously conditioned stimulus; the opposite of discrimination |
| Discrimination (in operant conditioning) | A learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli based on whether the response to the stimuli is reinforced or punished, and then to voluntarily respond accordingly |
| Extinction (in operant conditioning) | The gradual diminishing of a conditioned response when its no longer reinforced |
| Shaping | Reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response |
| Continuous reinforcement | Every correct response is reinforced |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced |
| Schedules of reinforcement | Specific patterns of reinforcement, either fixed or variable, that determine when a behavior will be reinforced |
| Fixed ratio schedule | A reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses |
| Variable ratio schedule | A reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is predetermined |
| Fixed interval schedule | A reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time |
| Variable interval schedule | A reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose average is predetermined |
| Cognitive-social learning | A theory that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning |
| Insight | A sudden understanding or realization of how a problem can be solved |
| Cognitive map | A mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated |
| Latent learning | Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs |
| Observational learning | The learning of new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others |
Created by:
Mbitler18
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